Research & Reviews : Journal of Computational Biology
Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology (RRJoCB) is an International online Journal focused towards the publication of current research work carried out under computational Biology. This journal covers all major fields of applications in Computational Biology. Focus and Scope Covers Organization and Drug designing tools for development analysis Parallel Computation, Linking Disparate Databases, Data Mining Biological software design and development Molecular Modeling Biological Algorithms Development and Implementation Biological Databases Development Bioinformatics, Statistical application in Genetics and Molecular biology
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Partograph Utilization and Associated Factors among Graduating Health Professional Students in Asella Referal and Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia, 2016
Background: Outcome of labor and delivery are unpredictable events, which if not monitored properly can result in a maternal and fatal mortality and morbidity. The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes the use of the partograph to monitor and improve the management of labor and to support decision-making regarding interventions. Objective: This study aimed to assess proper utilization of partograph and its associated factors. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 127 participants in Asella, Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia in 2016. Study subjects were selected conveniently among graduating health professional students who were attended in delivery ward during study period .Data were collected by self-administered structured questionnaire and analysis was performed in SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the associations of each explanatory variable with the outcome variable. Finally, odds ratio with its 95% confidence interval and p-value of 0.05 was used to identify significant variables. Result: Out of 127obstetric care providers, 26% used partograph to monitor labor. Those who were midwives by profession (AOR=2.60,95%CI:1.01,6.68), knowledgeable (AOR=4.32,95% CI:1.41,13.25), being male sex(AOR=0.432, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.99) and availability partograph in the ward (AOR=3.32,95%CI:1.17,9.39) were factors significantly associated with partograph utilization. Conclusion: In this study partograph utilization was found very poor. Hence, relevant authorities have to facilitate for its routine utilization and develop protocols and efforts should be made to maintain a high utilization of it to improve maternal and fetal well- being. Keywords: Ethiopia, Partograph, Utilization Cite this Article Daniel Bekele, Kassahun Beyene, Leta Hinkosa et al. Partograph Utilization and Associated Factors among Graduating Health Professional Students in Asella Referal and Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia, 2016. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Computational Biology. 2017; 6(2): 12–18p.
Assessment of Nutritional Status and Other Factors Correlates with Academic Performance of Lower Primary School Children from Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia
The need to assess the nutritional status of the children who started school is increasing since it has a great effect for their health; and great achievements in their educational career. The overall objective of the research study was to assess the role of nutritional status on the educational performance of lower primary school children from Mekelle, northern Ethiopia. It was conducted from September to May 2015/16. In this study the prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight of school children were 36%, 50.5% and 58.7% respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that husband educational status (no formal educational) [AOR =4.07, CI: 1.33–12.47], time to reach school [AOR=2.31, CI: 1.35–3.93], without eating breakfast [AOR=1.88, CI: 1.01–3.48], stunting [AOR=5.27, CI: 3.01–9.24], wasting [AOR=1.57, CI: 1.33–1.98] and conduct of the child [AOR=2.35, CI: 1.26–4.38] were significantly associated with school performance of lower primary school children. The prevalence of malnutrition in the study area was higher than the national level. Nutritional status of the children and predictors had a significant influence on the educational performance of school children. Provision of school meals or initiation of school feeding programs is recommended. Keywords: Mekelle, nutritional status, academic performance Cite this Article Saba Zeru, Afework Mulugeta, Teklit Gebretsadik. Assessment of Nutritional Status and Other Factors Correlates with Academic Performance of Lower Primary School Children from Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Computational Biology. 2017; 6(2): 1–11p.
Process Evaluation of Health Management Information System Implementation Status in Public Health Facilities of Mekelle Zone, Tigray, Ethiopia
Health Management Information System (HMIS) is a system that integrates data collection, processing, reporting, and use of the information necessary for improving health service effectiveness and efficiency through better management at all levels of health system. In Ethiopia the major problem in implementation of HMIS are data quality of HMIS, shortage of resource and lack of strategic plan as well as lack of integration, absence of standards and guidelines inadequate staffing and poor ownership. The overall objective of this evaluation research was to assess the current health management information system (HMIS) implementation status of public health facilities in Mekelle zone. The evaluation research was conducted from January, 2015 to June 2016. The design of this evaluation research was case study made using a descriptive that mainly focused on the process measures of health management information system implementation status. The approach of the study was formative and normative which conducted by document review and direct interview to assess the availability of resources, compliance and information use by semi structured questionnaire for health institutions staffs. The overall evaluation of HMIS was 75.2%, which showed as a judgment parameter of ‘Good’. Particularly, Availability (83%), compliance (70%), information utilization (71.2%), and data quality (76.0%) dimension are categorized as judgment parameter of all as ‘Good’. According to the results of this evaluation research it can be concluded that majority of health facilities have furnished with adequate HMIS resources, and qualified human resources required at HMIS unit and were within the standard but some facilities needs availing inputs. In case of information utilization and data quality of HMIS in health facilities under study is far below the standard expectations. Keywords: HMIS, data quality, data accuracy, information utilization, decision making Cite this Article Ataklti Welay, Kidane Tadesse, Teklit G/tsadik. Process Evaluation of Health Management Information System Implementation Status in Public Health Facilities of Mekelle Zone, Tigray, Ethiopia. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Computational Biology. 2017; 6(1): 36–49p.
Socioeconomic Factors of Prescription Drug Advertising: A Commentary
Pharmaceutical advertising impacting the public’s access to prescription drugs is a failed system. The mass media is abused in a process of deception by the pharmaceutical industry to promote sales of their manufactured products. On the other side of the advertising model, the process works to garner legal fees for an often burgeoning profession of lawyers operating with low scruples in an overly litigious society. Legal reform is critically necessary with the institution of new regulations and regulatory control by state and federal governments. Broadcasting must not be so obviously abused in efforts at boosting product sales of prescription drugs by manufacturers. Advertising in order to obtain a lawyer for litigation against pharmaceutical companies must not misrepresent the law firm or be a vehicle to conduct fraudulent practices. “Fine print” advertising must be changed to real time use and provide reasonable reading times for the prospective patient. The advertising system for pharmaceuticals that impacts the patient’s health must be operated under fair and proper ethical standards in the best interest of the public. Keywords: Pharmaceuticals, drug advertising, prescriptions, federal regulations, drug access, ethics Cite this Article Flaer Paul J. Socioeconomic Factors of Prescription Drug Advertising: A Commentary. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Computational Biology. 2017; 6(1): 25–27p.
Levels and Trends of Mortality: A Five Year Retrospective Hospital Record Review
Mortality and morbidity are indicators of health status of a population. Measuring how many people die each year and why they have died is one of the most important means. Despite the publication of several studies, there is significant uncertainty regarding the burden of disease and death among adults in sub-Saharan African countries. In Ethiopia, particularly in Northern part of the country, the impacts of such hospital-based studies are limited and/or have not been documented well. This study, therefore, focuses on the levels and trends of mortality, in Ayder comprehensive specialized teaching hospital. A retrospective analysis of all admissions into the wards of Ayder comprehensive specialized and teaching hospital from January, 2011 to December, 2015 was done. The main blocks of ICD of 10th version (ICD-10) were used to sort out the final diagnoses in the registry to group them into diseases. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted for specific diseases and deaths. Levels of deaths were estimated using proportions, and trends were measured using Chi-square trend analysis. Odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals were used to measure strength of association between sex and age with causes of death. We found one thousand two hundred seventy five recorded deaths; out of these, a quarter (n=321; 25.2%) were under five children and the median age of death was 38 years. NCDs, CDs, and ECs were identifying causes of death that accounted for 561 (44.1% [95% CI: 41.3, 36.7]), 372 (29.2% [95% CI: 26.7, 31.7]), and 53 (4.2% [95% CI: 3.1, 5.3]), respectively. NCDs showed increasing trends in proportions of death, whereas, CDs showed an increasing linear trend across the age groups at p<0.05. The proportion of death due to CDs sharply decreased through time at p<0.001 but not NCDs. We conclude that NCDs were the major causes of death. HIV/AIDS, neonatal sepsis, congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal diseases, and asphyxia were the major specific causes of death. Keywords: NCDs, CDs, mortality, trend, level, death, causes Cite this Article Alemayehu Bayray, Mulubirhan Assefa, Abate Bekele. Levels and Trends of Mortality: A Five Year Retrospective Hospital Record Review. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Computational Biology. 2017; 6(1): 11–24p.
Assessment of Magnitude and Associated Factors of Failed Vacuum in Lemlem Karl Hospital in 2016
Vacuum extraction is used to facilitate childbirth in the second stage of labor to avoid cesarean delivery and its associated morbidities. In addition, trends in operative vaginal delivery have shown increasing numbers of vacuum extraction and decreasing numbers of forceps delivery worldwide, owing to concerns over neonatal and maternal safety. Although vacuum extraction is successful in the most cases, failure of vacuum extraction is not uncommon. In cases of failed, cesarean section is performed as soon as possible; however, cases of failed vacuum extraction followed by forceps delivery or cesarean section or both are reportedly associated with higher rates of adverse perinatal outcome than are cases of successful. The objective of the study was to assess magnitude of failed vacuum and associated factors at Lemlem Karl Hospital from 2008 to 2015. Hospital based cross sectional study with retrieving of information from cards retrospectively, was conducted among 308 women's cards where vacuum delivery was attempted from 2008 to 2015 GC. Simple random sampling technique was employed to review the women's cards. The data were entered in to EPI info version 7 and cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the effect size of the factors on vacuum failure. The magnitude of failed vacuum was found to be 10.1% which strongly associated with fetal position, fetal weight, parity and station. Women whose station was at plus2 and plus3, were 94.9% less likely to be associated with vacuum failure when compared to women whose station was at 0, +1 (AOR=.051, 95CI(.020, .176)) and fetuses with abnormal position were 3.59 times more likely odds associated with vacuum failure when compared to fetuses at normal position (AOR=3.59, 95 CI(1.314, 9.842)). This study indicated that the magnitude of failed vacuum is found to be in line with WHO's report. Factors which associated with vacuum failure were station, parity, fetal weight and fetal position. Keywords: Failed vacuum, Lemlem Karl Hospital Cite this Article Abera Haftu, Tesfay Adhena, Merhawi Brhane et al. Assessment of Magnitude and Associated Factors of Failed Vacuum in Lemlem Karl Hospital in 2016. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Computational Biology. 2017; 6(1): 1–10p.
Magnitude, Complication and Factors Associated with Rape Among Women Visited Gynecologic Outpatient Departments of Selected Hospital in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia, 2016
Background: Rape is a form of sexual violence, which is associated with long and short-term sexual, reproductive, mental and social problems. Although the problem is believed to be common, studies from Ethiopia are scanty. Objective: This study was aimed to determine magnitude, complications and predictors of rape among gynecologic outpatient department visitors in Tigray region. Methods: A health institution based cross-sectional study was employed among gynecologic outpatient visitors from September 2012 to 2015. Among a total of 3084 female patients attended gynecologic outpatient department from September 2012 to 2015, 918 were selected using systematic sampling technique. Semi-structured questionnaires and check list adapted from sexual violence medical Evaluation certificate format was used to collect information from records in addition to patient interview. Data was entered and cleaned using Epidata and analyzed using SPSS version 21 software package. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to assess association between dependent and independent variables with 95% CI and p-value less than 0.05 was set for association. Results: The study revealed that the current rate of rape among gynecologic outpatient visitor is 12.7 %. Significant number of victims was assessed for life threatening rape complications like first and second degree vaginal tear. Age (AOR=2.01, 95%Cl = 1.12–4.85), Educational status (AOR=4.94.95% Cl= 1.15–21.18) and current alcohol consumption (AOR=2.38, 95%Cl= 1.04–6.25) (Table 4) were significant predictors of rape victimization. Conclusion: This study found that rape is still a common problem among gynecologic outpatient in general and adolescent’s elementary school female students in particularly. Age, educational status and current alcohol consumption were significant predictors of rape victimization. Keywords: Magnitude, complications, gynecologic patients, life threatening rape complications, bio-statistical analysis Cite this Article Hinsermu Bayu, Hussein Namo, Zelalem Bekele et al. Magnitude, Complication and Factors Associated with Rape Among Women Visited Gynecologic Outpatient Departments of Selected Hospital in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia, 2016. Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2017; 6(1): 28–35p.
Floristic Composition and Structure of Tara Gedam Dry Afromontane Forest, South Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia
The study was carried out in Tara Gedam dry afromontane forest, South Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia with the objectives of assessing the floristic composition and vegetation structure of woody plant species. Systematically forty five quadrats (20 m x 20 m) were laid along transect lines. Data on species abundance, diameter at breast height (DBH), height and number of individuals per species were recorded from each quadrat. Shannon-Weiner diversity index and Sorensen’s similarity coefficient were used. Basal area and phyto geographical comparison was also made. The regeneration status of the forest was assessed by using the number and distribution of seedlings and saplings species. Species were prioritized for conservation using importance value index, population structure and regeneration status. In this study, 107 vascular plant species, representing 86 genera and 56 families are present in the forest. Of these 56 families, fabaceae had the highest number of species (11) followed by moraceae (6 species), euphorbiaceae (5 species) and rubiaceae(4 species). The collected woody plant species were composed of 37.5 % trees, 28.8% shrubs, 21.2% tree/shrubs, 10.6 % lianas, 0.96% grass and 0.96% epiphyte. Of these, eight species are endemic. The Shannon-Weiner diversity and evenness were 4.19 and 0.91, respectively, indicating that the diversity and evenness of woody species is relatively high. The most dominant tree species with the highest importance values were Schefflera abyssinica, Olea europea susp. cuspidata, Albizia gummifera, Carisa spinarum, Acacia abyssinica, Teclia nobilis, and ficus vasta. The density and total basal area of the forest were 2444 Stems/ ha and 93.9 m2/ ha. The phytogeographical comparison revealed that Tara Gedam forest is related to dry afromontane forest. Based on the result of the study, detailed ethanobotanical studies, further studies on all plant species diversity, environmental factors, land use management, soil seed bank and seed physiology are recommended. Keywords: Diameter at breast height, Dry afromontane forest, Floristic composition, Woody plant species, Sustainable use Cite this Article Eyasu Mekonnen and Eyayu Mola. Floristic Composition and Structure of Tara Gedam Dry Afromontane Forest, South Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia. Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2016; 6(3): 12–21p.
Statistical Comparison of Delta Band in Two Different Mental States Using MINITAB Tool for Feature Identification
Brainwave is unique in its pattern for every individual wherein its spectral components and power show variations with the varying mental states. Ongoing attempt to recognize activity inside the brain has led an integrated research to an unprecedented level. Spectral range of brainwaves vary from 0 Hz to 60 Hz with the amplitude normally between 0.5 µV and 100 µV. Delta waves range from 0.1 Hz to 3 Hz of the whole spectrum generated by the brain and correspond to the deep and dreamless mental state. Brainwaves captured during any mental state comprises of every band while only one band dominates during its corresponding mental state in terms of amplitude and frequency. Research hereby attempts for statistical comparison of Delta band obtained during two different mental states pertaining to normal (thinking nothing in particular) and active (doing mental activity of adding the consecutive integers). For capturing electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, B3 band EEG sensor (Neurosky Product) has been used wherein the readings are recorded by connecting the sensor with the mobile application EEGID (Recording interval-10 msec and sampling frequency-512 Hz) through Bluetooth. Subjects chosen were of the age group 20–30 years for the experiment and were made to sit alone in a room separately for efficient recording. Hypothesis test named 2-sample standard deviation was applied on two groups of data corresponding to each state. Difference in standard deviations generated among both the states with a cutoff range was the result. This mathematical difference value can be used as a base to devise devices that can recognize various mental states. Keywords: MINITAB, EEG samples, EEGID, α-level, p-value Cite this Article Trivedi KR, Thakker RA. Statistical Comparison of Delta Band in Two Different Mental States using MINITAB Tool for Feature Identification. Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2016; 5(3): 22–27p.
A Study of Demographic Pattern of Burn Cases
Burns are one of the severe traumas that an individual can suffer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), injuries related to burn is a global public problem mainly in low and middle income countries. The present study was undertaken to find the demographic patterns of death due to burn in Barpeta District, Assam, India. This study included all the deaths due to burn reported in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College and Hospital (FAAMCH), Barpeta, Assam, India for autopsy during the year 2014. A total of 36 (out of total autopsy 514) deaths due to burn were studied and majority of the cases were found to be female. Shock was found to be the most common cause of death and most common age group involved was 21–30 years. Keywords: Barpeta, burn, autopsy, shock, demographic patterns Cite this Article Singha MK. A Study of Demographic Pattern of Burn Cases. Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2016; 5(3): 28–30p.
A Study on Community Awareness Programme and Diabetes Care in Primary Care Setting
Diabetes is a disease that cost dearly, in terms of morbidity and mortality. Diabetes seems to be the most common chronic disorder in routine clinical practice. Inspite of the fact that diabetes involves almost all systems of the body, there seems to be great lapses in its management. In a busy schedule in rural Assam primary care physicians hardly get enough time to explain the various issues related to diabetes management. Lack of education, poverty, fear and guilt and associated myths with the disease seems to be the contributing factors in treatment non- compliance. Community awareness programme about the illness, information and medication, and emotional support all these factor seems to play a major role in comprehensive diabetes care. The present study was a rural healthcare base study to analyse the impact of glycaemic control and treatment outcome based upon community awareness programme, psycho education and counselling; results of which showed that this has a positive impact on treatment outcome. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, counselling, psycho education, community awareness programme, primary care Cite this Article Thakuria PK, Baishya MK. A Study on Community Awareness Programme and Diabetes Care in Primary Care Setting. Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2016; 6(3): 31–34p.
New Information Hiding Algorithms for Images Based on AES Cryptography
Filtering of image content, compressing the content aware image and video applications of color balancing can advantage from automatic skin detection in the images. Biometric characteristic used for usage skin tone images region steganography. Here significant information is implanted within the skin image region which will provide an outstanding data hiding secure location. For this detection of skin tone is required to be performed. Various information hiding steps can be used through image cropping. Image cropping better security than information hiding without cropping the complete image, so works of crop region as a key at decoding region. AES cryptography algorithm is used to convert secret data into an unreadable form previously embedding; which gives a strong backbone for information security. Steganography is the hiding skill the data exists in various mediums of transmission to attain secret communication. It doesn’t restore cryptography, but quite boost the security applying its abstruse feature. In this paper represent extensive security for skin tone detection authentication purpose using AES and steganography encryption/ Cryptography, Image Compressing Techniques, Encoding and Decoding. decryption. Keywords— Cryptography, AES, Image Compression
Insight into Historical Emergence of Kv Channel-interacting Proteins (KCNIPs) Gene Family
The macro evolutionary events lead to anatomical complexity achieved by higher vertebrates. The extensive gene duplications result in widespread existence of gene families in modern vertebrates. Kv channel-interacting proteins are encoded by the KCNIP gene in humans. The gene encodes a member of the family of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel-interacting proteins. The paralogues (KCNIP1, KCNIP2, KCNIP3 and KCNIP4) of KCNIP gene family served as small calcium binding proteins. K+ channels act as primary subunits that contribute to transient, voltage-dependent K+ currents in the nervous system and heart. They regulate channel density, inactivation kinetics and also function as transcriptional repressors. The colossal amount of diversified protein dataset for a wide variety of vertebrates, invertebrates was used to derive mode of evolution and conservation of functionally significant diverse gene family residing on human chromosomes.The phylogenetic analysis of KCNIP gene family revealed that three vertebrate specific duplications occur before the split of fish-tetrapods. Fishes split into “a” and “b” in-paralogs by lineage specific duplications in KCNIP1 and KCNIP3. Phylogenetic tree reflects that KCNIP carries small scale duplications which occur at different time points during chordate evolution. The analysis assists the evolutionary biologists to understand the historical emergence of Kv channel-interacting proteins and their evolutionary relationship with different species. Keywords: EF-hand-like domains, transcriptional repressors, lineage specific duplications Cite this Article Muhammad Waqas Khokhar, Zunera Khalid. Insight into Historical Emergence of Kv Channel-interacting Proteins (KCNIPs) Gene Family. Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2016; 5(2): 1–6p.
Insight into Phylogenomic Analysis of HNRNP’s Gene Family
The macro evolutionary events during the vertebrate lineage plays a key role in shaping vertebrate genome and in creating anatomical complexity achieved by higher vertebrates. The extensive gene duplications results in widespread existence of gene families in modern vertebrates. HNRNPs are nuclear RNA binding proteins and are involved in transportation, metabolism, regulation, and stability. The abnormal expression of HNRNPs leads to lung, pancreatic and gastric carcinomas. The HnRNPs gene family comprises of four paralogues (hnRNPA0, hnRNPA1, hnRNPA2/B1, hnRNPA3).The colossal amount of diversified protein dataset for a wide variety of vertebrates, invertebrates was used to derive mode of evolution and conservation of functionally significant diverse HnRNPs gene family residing on vertebrate genome. Phylogeny advocates the expansion of multigene families which occurred after diversification of vertebrates from urochordates and prior to fish-tetrapod split. The major duplications occur within the time window of deuterostomes-protostomes and actinopterygii-sarcopterygii split. Phylogenetic tree reflects chromosomal segmental duplications or small scale duplications which occurred at different time points during chordate evolution. The study will provide better understanding of ancestral relationship and functional behavior of human multigene families for scientist belongs to diversified fields of biology especially comparative and evolutionary genomics biologist. Keywords: EF-hand-like domains, transcriptional repressors, lineage specific duplications Cite this Article Khokhar, Arshad, Amin. Insight into Phylogenomic Analysis of hnRNP’s Gene Family. Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2016; 6(2): 27–32p.
Research and Industrial Insight: Computational Biology
Computational Biology, sometimes referred to as bioinformatics, is the science of using biological data to develop algorithms and relations among various biological systems. Earlier to the beginning of computational biology, biologists were unable to have access to large amounts of data. Researchers were able to develop analytical methods for interpreting biological information, but were unable to share them quickly among colleagues. Bioinformatics commenced to develop in the early 1970s. It was considered the science of analyzing informatics processes of sundry biological systems. At this time, research in artificial astuteness was utilizing network models of the human encephalon in order to engender incipient algorithms.
In-silico Phylogenomic Analysis of N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase Gene Family Members
The macro evolutionary events lead to morphological complexity achieved by higher vertebrates. The extensive gene duplications results in widespread existence of gene families in modern vertebrates.N-deacetylase/sulfotransferase (NDST) gene family are essential for N-deacetylation and N-sulfation of glucosamine (GlcNAc). NDST family is involved in embryonic neurocranium, viscerocranium morphogenesis. Four members of NDST gene family (NDST1, NDST2, NDST3 and NDST4). NDST genes encode a member of the heparan sulfate/heparin GlcNAc N-deacetylase/ N-sulfotransferase family. The phylogenomic analysis of NDST gene family was carried out to check the evolutionary history and functional significance. The colossal amount of diversified protein dataset for a wide variety of vertebrates, Invertebrates was used to derive mode of evolution and conservation of functionally significant diverse gene family residing on human chromosomes. Phylogeny advocates the expansion of multigene family which occurred after diversification of vertebrates from urochordates. Phylogenetic tree reflects chromosomal segmental duplications or small scale duplications which occurred at different time points during chordate evolution. The study will provide better understanding of ancestral relationship and functional behavior of human multigene families for scientist belongs to diversified fields of biology especially comparative and evolutionary genomics biologist. Keywords: NDST, Phylogenomic analysis, segmental duplication, chromosomes, gene family Cite this Article Muhammad Waqas Khokhar, Sonia Kanwal. In-silico Phylogenomic Analysis of N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase Gene Family Members. Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2016; 5(2): 7–12p.
Promising Effect of Irisin in Reduction of Obesity And Insulin Resistance: A Review
Skeletal muscle has recently considered as an active endocrine organ that plays vital roles in metabolic regulation as well as inflammation by secreting “myokines”, which interact with liver, adipose tissue, brain, and other organs to function in many physical processes. Hundreds of skeletal muscle-derived proteins, such as interleukin 6, 13, 15, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor 21, and irisin have been identified and some of the can improve or worsen glucose, fatty acid metabolism, insulin resistance, and regulate chronic inflammation. Irisin is a novel myokine, proteolytically processed from the product of the Fibronectin type-III domain containing protein 5 gene prior to be released into the circulation. It is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α, and it has been proposed to mediate the beneficial effects of exercise on metabolism, inducing the browning of sc adipocytes and thermogenesis by increasing uncoupling protein 1 levels. Exercise induces irisin expression and activates considerate changes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, stimulating browning white adipose tissue and increase uncoupling protein 1 expression. This leads a significant increase in total body energy expenditure and resistance to obesity-linked insulin-resistance. As a result, irisin action recaps some of the most important payback of exercise and muscle activity. Therefore, irisin administration could be considered as an effective therapeutic strategy to improve insulin signaling, mimicking exercise effects. However, most of the promising results obtained from studies in rodents and mice show some controversial result in human subjects which questions the effect of irisin in animal model. Another issue, that should be noted is its secretion may also be affected by the development of muscle insulin resistance or our body may develop resistances to irisn, as shown decreasing irisin concentration in insulin resistant individuals and increasing in obese people. Those are controversial issues which need careful attention in future studies in order to use the promising therapeutic nature of irisin. Keywords: Irisin, insulin resistance, obesity, skeletal muscle, WAT, thermogenesis Cite this Article Aman Mehari Abraha, Asrat Endrias Kahsay, Ezra Belay Ketema. Promising Effect of Irisin in Reduction of Obesity and Insulin Resistance: A Review. Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2016; 5(2): 13–26p.
Insilco Phylogenomic Analysis of Inhibin gene Family Members
The macro evolutionary events lead to anatomical complexity achieved by higher vertebrates. The extensive gene duplication results in widespread existence of gene families in modern vertebrates. TGF-β superfamily of cytokines contains majorly four mammalian inhibin-β subunits (βA, βB, βC, and βE). These are involved in gonadal functions (mammary gland development, cell proliferation, embryonic development). The overexpression leads to several cancers (metastatic prostate cancer, colorectal cancers, and cervical cancer). The phylogenomic analysis of INHB gene family was carried out to check the evolutionary history and functional significance. The colossal amount of diversified protein dataset for a wide variety of vertebrates, invertebrates was used to derive the mode of evolution, and conservation of functionally significant diverse gene family residing on the human chromosomes. Phylogeny advocates the expansion of multigene families, which occurred after the diversification of vertebrates from urochordates and prior to fish-tetrapod split. The major duplications occur within the time window of deuterostomes-protostomes and actinopterygii-sarcopterygii split. INHB exhibits a chromosomal topology of form (Hsa12) (Hsa7 Hsa2). Phylogenetic tree reflects chromosomal segmental duplications or small-scale duplications which occurred at different time points during chordate evolution. The study will provide better understanding of ancestral relationship and functional behavior of human multigene families for scientist belonging to diversified fields of biology especially comparative and evolutionary genomics biologist. Keywords: Inhibin, phylogenomic analysis, segmental duplication Cite this Article Muhammad Waqas Khokhar, Sonia Kanwal. Insilco Phylogenomic Analysis of Inhibin gene Family Members. Research and Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2016; 5(1): 25–32p.
Phylogenomics Analysis of Fibrillar Collagen Gene Family
Fibrillar collagens are extracellular matrix proteins conserved in complex multicellular animals and are involved in teeth and bone formation. So far, 28 types of collagen have been identified among them, the most common types are collagen I, II, III, IV and V. Mutations results in a number of severe diseases including osteogenesis imperfecta, aortic aneurysms, Alport’s syndrome and even some forms of cancer. In the current study, protein data for a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate genomes were taken to understand the phylogeny picture of highly significant and functionally diverse fibrillar collagen family. Phylogenetic tree reveals that fibrillar collagen gene originated at the root of vertebrates and invertebrates lineage. COL2A1 and COL1A1 have evolved at faster rate as a result of the most recent duplication, while COL5A2 has diverged first as the result of the most ancient duplication. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that within the vertebrate lineage, fibrillar collagen gene got highly diversified resulted into its five members, due to selection and functional constraints by the series of four independent duplications. First duplication event diverge COL5A2 from the rest of the members of Fibrillar Collagen Gene Family, whereas in the result of second duplication, COL3A1 get separated from COL1A1/1A2/2A1. Third duplication event leads to the severance of COL1A2 from COL2A1/1A1 and the fourth duplication separates COL2A1 from COL1A1. The topology of the fibrillar collagen gene family member shows that COL5A2 diverged firstly and the remaining family members exhibits the topology of the form (A) (BCD) that favored not 2R hypothesis. This study will assist evolutionary biologist to infer the evolutionary pattern, evolutionary rate and phylogenetic relationships between members of Fibrillar Collagen Gene Family in terms of orthology and paralogy. Keywords: Fibrillar collagen family, Alport’s syndrome, independent duplications Cite this Article Md. Khokhar W. Phylogenomics Analysis of Fibrillar Collagen Gene Family. Research and Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2016; 5(1): 33–38p.
Computer Literacy and Attitude towards Computer Usage among The Post-Graduate Students of K.M. Shah Dental College and Hospital
Information and communication technology (ICT) has become an extremely vital tool in the dental health education program. An accurate evaluation of the computer skills of students is a pre-imperative for the achievement of any e-learning mediations, as it is well obvious that the absence of the essential computer skills can risk even extremely well arranged computer assisted learning interventions and because of a differing qualities of computer skills amongst students, universities which need to use ICT adequately to enhance instructing and learning are confronted with the test to offer individualized remedial support. Keywords: Information and communication technology (ICT), computer Literacy and usage, e-learning techniques, students Cite this Article Naik KS, Deshpande NA, Poonacha KS et al. Computer Literacy and Attitude towards Computer Usage among The Post Graduate Students of K.M. Shah Dental College and Hospital. Research and Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2016; 5(1): 19–24p.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Family Planning among Women Attending Maternal and Child Health Clinic NIFOR Benin, Edo State, Nigeria
The importance of family planning to the health of women and their entire families cannot be over emphasised. It is also critical to increasing a country’s progress, towards reducing poverty and accomplishing developmental goals. Having a great effect on the health of the women, family planning was recognised as one of the targets of the United Nations millennium development MDG goals, now sustainable developmental goals (SDGs). The objective of the study is to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning among women attending maternal and child health clinic in NIFOR, Edo state Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used. Pre-test self structured questionnaire was administered conveniently to a sample size of 213 women attending the maternal and child health clinic in NIFOR. Data were analyzed using proportions, means and percentage and hypothesis were tested using chi-square at 5% level of significance. 91.5% of the respondents were aware of family planning. 82.5% had knowledge of family planning and 91.5% of the women knew at least one method of family planning. Respondents attitude were positive as the mean score recorded in most of the items were above 3.0. Only 32% of the respondents practiced family planning. Religious injunction (28.7%), fear of side effect (26.5%) and cultural beliefs (23.5%) were the major reasons given for not practicing family planning. Significant relationship was found between the respondents knowledge and family planning practice (X2=16.6> tab. 3.841 at df 1,0.05; P <0.05), family planning practice and educational level (X2= 25.47 tab 14.067 at df 7 0.05; P <0.05) and between the knowledge and educational level (X2=105.97 tab 14.067 at df 7,0.05; P <0.05). The high knowledge of family planning and positive attitude among the women did not reflect on family planning practice, thus project aiming at increasing the knowledge and practice of family planning should be embraced. Health care provider especially nurses should provide adequate information on family planning that will inform their choice and ensure effective practice of family planning. Keywords: Knowledge, attitude, practice, family planning, women Cite this Article Ehwarieme T.A, Iriafen L.Z. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Family Planning among Women Attending Maternal and Child Health Clinic NIFOR Benin, Edo State, Nigeria. Research and Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2016; 5(1): 6–18p.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Prevention and Management of Postpartum Psychosis among Registered Nurse: A One Group Pretest-Post Test Study
The most serious type of psychiatric illness in connection with childbirth is puerperal psychosis. Syndrome most often characterized by depression, delusions, and thoughts by the mother of suicidal, infanticidal impulses. RN providing care during this period need to understand the complexity of illness and prevent the suicidal and infanticidal behavior. The objectives of the study were to assess the level of knowledge of RN regarding PP, prepare and administer STP and to find the effectiveness of it, determine the association between pretest score and selected demographic variables. The study results indicated the need of the knowledge improvement of RN in PP. One group pre test post test research design was used. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 60 RN who were posted in postnatal ward. A self administered questionnaire was used to collect data and to find out the effectiveness of STP. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to determine the association between the pretest scores and selected demographic variables. Majority (70%) of the RN had inadequate knowledge. The STP administered proved to be effective as post test knowledge scores of the RN were significantly higher than pretest; and showed that a significant association is present between the educational status and pre test scores. The conclusion of the study is that the registered nurse who takes care of mothers during postpartum period needs specific caring knowledge for early identification and prevention of puerperal psychosis and STP will be an effective tool to increase the knowledge of the registered nurses at the work area. Keywords: Structured teaching programme (STP), registered nurse (RN), effectiveness, knowledge levels, prevention, management, puerperal psychosis (PP) Cite this Article Devi Prasanna K, Gebre Yitayih, Panerio Wilbert G et al. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Prevention and Management of Postpartum Psychosis among Registered Nurse: A One Group Pretest-Post Test Study. Research and Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2016; 5(1): 1–5p.
Computer Generated Surgical Templates: An Aid to Implant Planning
The need for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan in association with flawless implementation and execution is the key to successful implant therapy. Digital technology has revolutionized the quality of dental care imparted to the patients in each speciality of dentistry. Precise implant placement no longer relies on the clinical acumen and experience of the implantologist. Implant placement can now be computer guided; based on a three dimensional, prosthetically driven virtual planning. Use of computer aided implant surgery is gaining momentum and the time is not far when the conventional surgical templates used in osteotomy preparation will be phased out. This paper highlights the various facets of computer aided implant surgery that has made implant placement more efficient, consistent and less labour intensive. Key Words– CAD- CAM templates, Computer aided Implantology, Computer assisted implant surgery, rapid prototyping, stereolithographic surgical templates. Cite this Article Sakshi Madhok. Computer generated surgical templates: an aid to implant planning. Research and Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2015; 5(3): 18–27p.
Structure Prediction of Membrane Associated and Secreted MMPs through Sequence Based Studies: An In silico Approach
Matrix Metalloproteinases are endopeptidases potentially involved proteins, which are associated with several pathological and favorable targets for any diseased condition; may implicate certain infrequent features in diseased conditions. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a vital role in metastasis and tissue remodeling in both the cases. The dual nature of MMPs in both favorable and pathological conditions might have an impact in many cellular processes that led researchers to investigate the conditions prevailed due to modifications and signaling mechanisms. The experimental evidences support the computational biologists to characterize and do further structural analysis with existing experimental research. The research has been focused on specific MMPs in which the further study was based on structure prediction of MMPs to understand the structural aspects. The basic approach was to screen large protein families, which play dual role during normal and diseased conditions. From a sequential perspective, bioinformatics analysis was done for membrane and secreted MMPs. Keywords: MMP, Phyre2, ProtParam, SOPMA, Clustal Omega, Chimera Cite this Article Naman Ashar, Aditya Singh, Aayush Kar, et al. Structure prediction of membrane associated and secreted mmps through sequence based studies: an in silico approach. Research and Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2015; 5(3): 28–34p.
Phylogenomic Analysis of HCK related Protein Tyrosine Kinase Family Members by Computational Approach
HCK related protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) family belongs to cytoplasmic non receptor tyrosine kinases. The members of selected family are mainly involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis or hematopoietic cell function. HCK initiate a number of signaling pathways and regulate them by interacting with other signaling proteins. The deregulation of HCK results in various types of cancers. In the present study, currently available protein data set for a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate genomes were taken for the phylogenomic analysis of highly significant and functionally diverse HCK related PTK family. Phylogenomic analysis suggested the expansion of HCK related (PTK) family members has occurred after diversification of vertebrates from urochordates chordates and prior to fish-tetrapod split. Lineage specific deletion events were also detected in fish and tetrapods. First duplication separates LCK from the rest of the family members, whereas, in the result of second duplication, BLK diverged from the HCK and LYN. Third duplication event results in the severance of HCK from LYN. The topology of HCK family comes in the form of (ABC) (D), with LCK falling outside the cluster of ((LYN, HCK) BLK). The major duplications occur within the time window of deuterostomes-protostomes and actinopterygii-sarcopterygii split. The phylogenetic analysis of the HCK family exhibits high level of conservation and evolutionary significance. Phylogenetic tree showed chromosomal segmental duplications or small scale duplications which occurred at different time points during chordate evolution. This study will assist the evolutionary biologist to better understand the ancestral relationship and functional behavior of HCK related PTK gene family. Keywords: HCK, PTK family, phylogenetic analysis, whole genome duplication Cite this Article Muhammad Waqas Khokhar. Phylogenomic analysis of HCK related protein tyrosine kinase family members by computational approach. Research and Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology. 2015; 4(3): 7–13p.