Research & Reviews : Journal of Medical Science and Technology
Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology (RRJMST) is an International online Journal focused towards the publication of current research work carried out under Medical Science and Technology. This journal covers all major fields of applications in Medical Science and Technology. Focus and Scope Covers Health Sciences Pharmacology Physiology Critical Care Medicine Gastroenterology Anatomy Geriatrics Haematology
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Prevalence and Predictors of Goiter Among 6–12 years Old Children in Eastern Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is the collective name of endemic goiter and endemic cretinism. Goiter is the main preventable major public health problem worldwide during pregnancy and childhood in an environment where iodine is deficient. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence rate and associated factors of goiter among 6–12 years old children in eastern Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. We used community-based cross-sectional survey. The study population consisted of 6–12 years old children in Astbi town, eastern Tigray, Ethiopia during March 2013 to May 2013. We recruited 341 households, in which eligible children aged 6–12 years, resided. The households were selected by using systematic sampling technique. Data collectors collected data using pretested structured questionnaire, urinary iodine excretion and clinical assessment. The data were entered into Epi info 3.5.3 and analyzed by SPSS version 20. Binary and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify the respective effect of independent predictors on goiter presence. The urinary iodine excretion levels were analyzed using the wet digestion method, and the degree of association was assessed by using odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval, which was computed to find the presence and strength of association. The overall prevalence of goiter was 6.7% for participants in the study and it was grade 1 goiter. Goiter was higher among females (4.4%) than males, despite the fact that it was statistically insignificant in the studied population. About 2.1% of the children had a severe iodine deficiency with urinary iodine excretion level of < 20 μg/l and excessive iodine intake (17.5%). Family income (Adjusted OR=3.1; 95% CI: 1.171–7.883), sex (AOR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.784–5.211), family size (AOR= 4.1; 95% CI: 1.637–10.482) and frequency of cabbage taking (AOR 1.9 (1.782–5.311) were predictors associated with goiter. However, age of the respondents was not significantly associated. This study showed that goiter is a public health problem in the town. It was found to be more prevalent among females than males. Hence, sustainable universal salt iodization and skill-based health education program need to be strengthened. Keywords: Goiter, children, prevalence, factors, Atsibi Cite this Article Futwi N, Alemayehu M, Kalkarin U, et al. Prevalence and Predictors of Goiter Among 6–12 years Old Children in Eastern Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Research and Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2017; 6(2): 52–60p.
Does an Association Exist Between Maternal Serum Lipid Parameters and Birth Weight of Newborn? A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Pregnant woman undergoes profound hormonal, metabolic changes and adaptions to achieve success in terms of healthy baby as outcome. Lipids are more significantly involved as a source of energy, fat-soluble vitamins, and precursors for various hormones. We decided to study pattern of lipid profile parameters at puerperium phase, as an indicative of lipid status of woman in late pregnancy and its influence on birth weight of newborn. Cross-sectional analysis was carried out at the Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research (SMIMER), Surat, India after prior institutional ethical clearance. Pregnant women at puerperium phase were included in the study. Women with other illnesses such as tuberculosis (TB), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), diabetes mellitus (DM), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hormonal disorders and with habits such as smoking, tobacco etc. were excluded from the study. Women with stillbirth were also excluded from the study. After informed consent, blood samples were collected from women going to deliver in next 24 h, and simultaneously baby weight was collected after delivery. Blood samples were analyzed for serum lipid profile by ERBA XL 640 analyzer by Transasia Biomedical Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Data were collected in MS Excel software, and statistical analysis was carried out by open epi software. There was no significant difference between the birth weight of newborn babies born to either primigravida and multigravida mothers. The incidence of newborn with birth weight <2 kg was 13.64%, and 3.57% in mothers with serum cholesterol <200 mg/dl, and >250 mg/dl, respectively. Incidence of newborn with birth weight >2.5 kg rises from 50% in mothers with serum cholesterol <200 mg/dl to 60% in mothers with serum cholesterol >250 mg/dl. Similar findings were observed for maternal serum triacylglycerol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol; but no significant association was found between birth weight and maternal serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. Both primigravida and multigravida mothers with high maternal serum cholesterol, triacylglycerols and LDL seemed to give birth to babies with higher birth weight as compared to those mothers with lower concentration of these parameters. However, no such pattern was observed in case of serum HDL cholesterol. Keywords: Lipid profile, pregnancy, birth weight, cholesterol, triacylglycerol Cite this Article Nakarani KC, Ramavataram DVSS, Vaghasiya NJ, et al. Does an Association Exist between Maternal Serum Lipid Parameters and Birth Weight of Newborn? A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2017; 6(2): 46–51p.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Infant and Young Child Feeding among Mothers/Caregivers Tigray, Ethiopia
Background: Foetal life and early childhood years are the phases when growth and development are maximum, coinciding with a period of great vulnerability to sub-optimal environment. Nutrition during the entire life cycle is a key driver of growth and development. Children <2 years are the most vulnerable segment of the community. Appropriate evidence-based feeding practices are essential for attaining and maintaining proper nutrition and health. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of mothers/caregivers on infant and young child feeding (IYCF). Methodology: We conducted a comparative cross sectional study in ten intervention and non-intervention districts of Tigray regional state from July to December 2016. Using a lottery method, we randomly enrolled 942 study participants from all mothers/caregivers with a child <2 years. A face to face interview was done using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and analytical statistics was used to compare the differences. Result: Sixty-five percent of the intervention group and 48.4% of the non-intervention group of mothers/caregivers of children <2 years were found to have good practices. Moreover, 68% of the mothers/care givers in the intervention group and 56% of the non-intervention group have a good knowledge on infant and young child feeding. Furthermore, 61% of the intervention and 59.7% of the non-intervention group of mothers/caregivers of children <2 years were found to have good attitude towards infant and young child feeding. Residence and educational level were significantly associated with practice of infant and young child feeding. Moreover, residence, educational level, and parity were significantly associated with knowledge of infant and young child feeding. Conclusion: There was no difference in the practice and the attitude of the mothers/care givers towards infant and young child feeding in the intervention and non-intervention areas. We recommend that Tigray regional health bureau, partners and other sectors interested in nutrition intervention of children in the region should strengthen and scale up the existing nutrition intervention programs. Keywords: Children <2 years, IYCF, knowledge, attitude, practice, Ethiopia Cite this Article Alemayehu Bayray, Haftu Berhe, Hailemariam Berhe, et al. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Infant and Young Child Feeding among Mothers/Caregivers Tigray, Ethiopia. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science & Technology. 2017; 6(2): 29–40p.
Microalbuminuria as an Independent Screening Tool in Patients with Myocardial Infarction
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is a condition in which there is an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to a portion of myocardium; most common cause being atherosclerosis of coronary vessels. Microalbuminuria (MAU) is defined as urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) of 30–300 mg/g. It is considered as marker of generalized endothelial dysfunction and vasculopathy and suggested to contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic lesion and ultimately leading to risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hence, the study was planned to estimate and compare urinary albumin levels in the patients of AMI as compared to healthy control for risk stratification. A case control study involving 150 age (20–60 yrs.) and gender-matched subjects, admitted at the Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research (SMIMER) Hospital, Surat, India were divided into three groups. Group I comprised of 50 healthy subjects as control; Group II comprised of 70 patients diagnosed as AMI admitted to the ICCU & MICU; and Group III comprised of 30 patients diagnosed as having AMI accompanied by diabetes mellitus (DM). Urinary albumin and creatinine were analyzed and UACR was derived using these two parameters. In addition to these two parameters, serum total cholesterol, serum triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and CPK-MB were also analyzed. Results showed that the levels of HDL (40.07±9.20 mg%, p<0.05) were significantly low in Group II as compared to Group I. In Group III, UACR (48.04±12.5 mg/g, p<0.05), total cholesterol (208.34±52.98 mg%, p<0.001), triacylglycerol (197.34±89.41 mg%, p-0.002), LDL (190.95±82.27 mg%, p<0.05), total CPK (312.04±36.65 U/L, p-0.005) and CPK-MB (79.17±13.55 U/L, p-0.02) were significantly high as compared to Group I. Again in Group III, UACR (48.04±12.5 mg/g, p-0.03), LDL (190.95±82.27 mg%, p-0.005), total CPK (312.04±36.65 U/L, p-0.001) and CPK-MB (79.17±13.55 U/L, p-0.02) were significantly high as compared to Group II. A common type of pathogenesis was observed in case of MAU and MI and vascular endothelial dysfunction. There is also an evidence of high incidence of MAU in diabetic subjects. Due to this reason MAU can be independently used as a screening tool for predicting the risk of MI in patients, especially when it is associated with DM. Keywords: Atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, microalbuminuria (MAU), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), diabetes mellitus (DM) Cite this Article Kava DM, Lad HD, Kheni RS, et al. Microalbuminuria as an Independent Screening Tool in Patients with Myocardial Infarction. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2017; 6(2): 41–45p.
Power Spectral Study of Heart Rate Variability Time Series by the Adaptive Modified Continuous Morlet Wavelet Transform
In this paper, a newly developed method referred as adaptive modified continuous Morletwavelet transform has been proposed to improve the energy concentration in the timefrequencydomain. The improvement is achieved by introducing the shape parameter to theMorlet function that is known as modified Morlet function. To make it adaptive, the modifiedMorlet function was optimized by concentration measure based on automatic determinationalgorithm. The proposed method was validated on set of synthetic time series signals likestationary signal and non-stationary signals with fast changing frequency and slow varyingfrequency components of signals. Also, this method is tested on all synthetic signalscontaminated with additive white Gaussian noise with signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 30dB.The results show that the proposed method improves energy concentration in time-frequencydomain compared to standard Morlet wavelet transform, standard Stockwell Transform (STransform),adaptive S-Transform and modified S-Transform. Further, this method has beenused for analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) time series signals for estimating the value ofmean power in VLF (0.004 Hz–0.04 Hz), LF (0.04 Hz–0.15 Hz), HF (0.15 Hz–0.4 Hz) andLF/HF ratio in frequency band of HRV spectrum. For this analysis, two group of healthysubjects, 21 young [10 M self-recorded, 11 (5 M+6 F) Fantansia database, age range 23–32]and 16 elderly [(9 M+ 7 F) Fantansia database, age range 70–82)] are used. Keywords: Adaptive continuous Morlet wavelet transform, energy concentration, globalmethod, shape parameter Cite this Article: R.S. Singh, B.S. Saini, R.K. Sunkaria.Power Spectral Study of Heart RateVariability Time Series by the AdaptiveModified Continuous Morlet WaveletTransform. Research & Reviews:Journal of Medical Science andTechnology. 2017; 6(2): 5–20p.
Adaptive continuous Morlet wavelet transform
An Autopsy Based Study on Sudden Natural Deaths
A total 24 numbers of cases out of 485, medico legal autopsies were conducted in cases of sudden, natural and unexpected deaths to establish the causes of death in cases where such deaths have occurred in apparently healthy individuals under suspicious circumstances. It was observed that majority of victims (33.3%) were in the age group 31 to 40 years. Male (79.2%) outnumbered female. Highest numbers (41.9%) of cases were farmers by occupation and most of the cases (70.8%) were from rural area. Maximum numbers (87.5%) of victims were married persons and from middle socio economic group of people (54.2%). In most of the cases, death occurred in their own residence (45.8%) and time of death was within 6 h of initial symptoms (41.7%). There was a seasonal variation, with the highest numbers of cases found in summer season (37.5%). Maximum numbers of cases were observed in Monday (33.3%). In most victims, deaths occurred in between 6 and 12 h. Maximum causes (70.8%) of sudden natural deaths were of cardiovascular origin. Coronary artery thrombosis (64.7%) was the leading cause of cardiovascular deaths. Thrombosis of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery was found in highest number of cases (54.5%). The second, third and fourth causes of sudden deaths were related to respiratory system (16.7%), gastrointestinal systems (8.3%) and CNS (4.2%) respectively. Keywords: Medico legal autopsies, natural deaths, medical cases, socio-demographic profile Cite this Article Manoj Kumar Singha, Firoz Ahmed. An Autopsy Based Study on Sudden Natural Deaths. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2017; 6(2): 21–28p.
Commonest Mode of Suicide in Jorhat District—One Year Retrospective Study
One who succeeds in completing the act of suicide, has nothing to bother about and it is only the survivors who are the bear the consequence. Society must identify the potential cases of suicide prone and help and treat them in time irrespective of the method they apply to commit it. The modes of suicidal deaths in an area reflect the socio-economic status and mental health status of the population in that region. Suicide committed by an individual will be a burden for the family members as a bread earner of the family, or a caretaker of the family or a loving child of the family may suddenly demise causing deep agonizing pain to the rest of the family members who are alive. The present study is based on retrospective analysis of 94 (17.93%) hanging deaths out of 524 autopsies in one year period (1st January 2014 to 31st December 2014) done in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Jorhat Medical College and Hospital, Jorhat, Assam. The most common method adopted for suicide was by hanging followed by poisoning, drowning and burns The other modes of suicide are excluded from this study as most of these deaths are under investigation. In the study males (79.78%) outnumbered the females (20.21%). Suicidal deaths are preventable by the combined effort of the State and the population at large by creating general awareness, stringent laws, early detection and treatment of mental illness and most importantly changing the mindset of the people. Keywords: Suicide, retrospective, autopsy, mental health, hanging
Assessment of Quality of Postnatal Care Services Offered to Mothers in Hospitals, of Tigray Ethiopia 2016
Each year, 287,000 women die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth, and about 99% of these deaths occur in developing countries. The first hours, days and weeks after childbirth are a dangerous time for both the mother and newborn infant. Postnatal care prevents the great majority of maternal and child morbidity and mortality. This study therefore, aims to assess quality of postnatal care services offered to mothers in Tigray health facilities, Ethiopia in 2015/16. 123 Midwives who are providing postnatal care during the time of study were observed while giving postnatal care. Human and material resources were assessed for provision of comprehensive and quality postnatal care in all the hospitals. All the facilities scored below 80% showing that the quality of postnatal care offered to clients in the hospitals of Tigray was poor and below standard. The mid-wives were responsible for managing the entire maternity care involving the antenatal, labor and delivery and postnatal wards thus no priority is given for postnatal care. The midwives in all hospitals did not take any training on postnatal care. Human and material resources were inadequate for provision of comprehensive and quality postnatal care in all the hospitals. The process of service provision which entails client monitoring and examination was not in line with the Postnatal WHO recommendation due to lack of essential equipment and workload. Therefore, to provide quality postnatal services to improve the maternal and neonatal health the government has to provide basic infrastructure for the hospitals. In addition, refresher training courses for midwives in maternal and neonatal health with emphasis on postnatal care are recommended. Keywords: Maternal and Neonatal Health, Quality of Postnatal Care, Structure, Process, Outcome Cite this Article Almaz Berhe, Tsige Araya, Kidisty Tesfay et al. Assessment of Quality of Postnatal Care Services Offered to Mothers in Hospitals, of Tigray Ethiopia 2016. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science & Technology. 2017; 6(1): 11–19p.
Primary Hydatid Cyst of Spleen, A Rare Occurrence: A Case Report
Hydatid disease, a zoonosis occur worldwide, but more prevalent in sheep and cattle raising areas. Common site of involvement is liver followed by lungs. Primary involvement of spleen i.e. without involving other organs, occur in 0.9% to 8.0% of cases. We report a case of histopathologically confirmed primary hydatid cyst of spleen in a 60 yr old female. Keywords: Hydatid cyst, spleen, zoonosis, triple layered wall, brood capsules Cite this Article Kavita Sharma, Kishore Khatri, S. R Negi. Primary Hydatid Cyst of Spleen, A Rare Occurrence: A Case Report. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2017; 6(1): 27–29p.
Assesssment Of Knowledge, Attitude And Practice Of Women Towards Exclusive Breast Feeding In Jimma Health Center, Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia
Background: - Breastfeeding is a natural gift that is very important for the fulfillment of natural necessity of new born. However, now a days, the practice of breastfeeding especially exclusive breast feeding (EBF) up to six months is decreasing all over the world including the developing countries like Ethiopia despite its numerous advantages. Maternal parity, age, educational level and total family income are some of the reasons incremented for the decline in breast feeding Objective: The present study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers towards EBF and factors influencing it. Method: A cross- sectional study was employed in Jimma Health Center from July 14-29, 2016 by face to face interview and convenient sampling technique was used. Chi-square test was used for a test of association Result: A total of 384 mothers having of index child below two years of age were involved in the study. The majority of the mothers (92%) had good knowledge & positive attitude (77.34%), while only 217 (56.51%) of them practiced EBF up to 6 months. Majority of study participants gave plain water in addition to breast milk in the first 6 months. Regarding early initiation of breastfeeding, 83.59% of study participants initiated breast milk, nearly more than half of them (55%) were knowledgeable and 76.82% had positive attitude towards early initiation of breast feeding. The study finding also showed 46 (11.98%) of mothers practiced prelacteal feed and the commonest prelacteal feed was butter Conclusion: Even though the study participants had good knowledge and positive attitude towards EBF, only nearly greater than half of them practiced EBF up to 6 months. Majority of mothers had Antenatal care (ANC) follow up during their last pregnancy, but only a few of them heard about EBF during the follow up. Recommendation; Recommended bodies; Jimma Health Center, Government and Non-Government organizations should provide health education on EBF to increase the practice of mothers. Key words: Breast feeding, pre lacteal feeding, complimentary feeding, colostrum’s
Our idea focuses on implementing a robot equipped with a special Artificial Intelligence Program (AIP) for performing surgery in medical field and various other medical operations. The special AI program is made of deep neural networks, which is trained for thousands of medical prescription and surgical operations procedures. As the AI program is highly trained program the error rate will be almost negligible as compared to the error rates in human, as humans can be distracted and repeatability of any other human is not as good as compared to the robotic system which is highly repeatable. Keywords: Airtificial Intelligence, neural neworks, medical operation, medical programs, human robotic system Cite this Article Sonu Sheokand, Hemant Sharma, Chain Singh. AI Robotic System in Medical Field. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science & Technology. 2017; 6(1): 20–26p.
Assessment of Magnitude and Associated Factors of Adverse Birth Outcomes among Deliveries at Suhul Hospital Shire Tigray, Ethiopia from September, 2015 to February, 2016
Adverse birth outcome is common phenomena both in developed and underdeveloped countries. Among all these adverse birth outcomes prematurity, low birth weight and still birth are the most common cases. Each year, about 15 million babies in the world, more than one in 10 births, are born too prematurely. More than 7% of those babies die shortly after birth; countless others suffer from lifelong physical, neurological, or educational disabilities, often at great cost to families and societies. Assessment of magnitude and associated factors of neonatal adverse birth outcomes among deliveries at Suhul Hospital, Shire, Tigray, Ethiopia from September, 2015 to February, 2016. An institution based cross sectional study with retrieving of information from cards retrospectively was conducted at maternity ward of Suhul hospital from September, 2015 to February, 2016. Simple random sampling method was used. Data collection was done using structured check list. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify significant predictors of adverse birth outcomes. P-value ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Odds ratio was also used to determine the strength of association between independent variables and the birth outcomes. The magnitude of adverse birth outcome among the study participants was higher than the WHO estimation. Induced onset of labor, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, ante partum hemorrhage, previous bad obstetric history and multiple pregnancies were the major predictors of adverse birth outcomes and improving of maternal health care service requires strict attention. The result indicates that an intervention is mandatory being the magnitude is higher than the WHO estimation. Keywords: Adverse birth outcome, preterm birth, still birth, low birth weight Cite this Article Tesfay Adhena, Abera Haftu, Gelawdiwos Gebre et al. Assessment of magnitude and associated factors of adverse birth outcomes among deliveries at Suhul Hospital Shire Tigray, Ethiopia from September, 2015 to February, 2016. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science & Technology. 2017; 6(1): 1–10p.
Women’s Satisfaction With Care Providers Interaction And Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic In Tiyo District, Arsi Zone, Ethiopia, 2016: Institutional Based Cross Sectional Study
Background: Health care provider-client interaction during Antenatal care is an effective strategy to improve maternal health care seeking behavior. When clients are informed and involved in decision making, they are more adherent to medical recommendation and carry out more health related behavioral changes. However, the unsatisfactory interaction between health care providers and women pose a significant challenge in the health care service utilization. Objective: This study is aimed to assess women’s satisfactions with care provider interaction during antenatal care services and associated factors in health centers, Tiyo district of Arsi zone. Methods: A cross-sectional study design using quantitative methods was employed from June to July 2016. A total of 386 women were enrolled in the study through systematic random sampling technique. Both bivariate and Multivariate logistic regression was carried out to identify the associations of each explanatory variable with the outcome (satisfaction) variable. The degree of association was assessed using odds ratio with its 95% confidence interval and p-value of 0.05 was used to identify significant variables. Results: Overall (83.2%) of women were satisfied with care provider interaction during antenatal care services in the district. Age (AOR = 17.07, 95%CI=2.13, 13.68), history of abortion (AOR = 3.20, 95%CI= 1.58, 6.48), wanted pregnancy (AOR= 0.30, 95%CI=0.13, 0.68), knowledge (AOR=0.47, 95%CI=0.24, 0.91) and expectations (AOR=5.89, 95%CI =:2.00, 16.89) were significant predictors of women’s satisfaction with care providers interaction. Conclusion: The study revealed although majority of women were satisfied with over all communications, component wise dissatisfaction was higher. Age, history of abortion, knowledge and expectation of the women were important predictors of satisfaction with care provider-interaction. Keywords: Ethiopia, pregnant women, satisfaction Cite this Article Daniel Bekele, Hinsermu Bayu, Kassahun Beyene et al. Women’s Satisfaction With Care Providers Interaction And Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic In Tiyo District, Arsi Zone, Ethiopia, 2016: Institutional Based Cross Sectional Study. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2017; 6(1): 30–38p.
Thermal Care Practice for Newborns and its Associated Factors in Mekelle Hospital and Ayder Referral Hospital Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia December 2016
About 3,100 newborns die within 24 h of birth each day. Ninety percent of these babies could be saved if warmth is provided promptly besides breastfeeding. Seventy percent of these deaths could be prevented with simple low-cost interventions, coupled with educating mothers and health workers to facilitate widespread implementation of essential newborn care practices. Studies on thermal care practice in health facilities witnessed by mothers are missing. This study was aimed to assess thermal care for newborns and its associated factors in Mekelle hospital and Ayder referral hospital Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia during 2016. The objective of the present study was to assess thermal care for newborns and its associated factors in Mekelle hospital and Ayder referral hospital Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia during 2016 GC. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in sample size of 354 newborns delivered in Mekelle hospital and Ayder referral hospital Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia within the data collection period. Data were collected by face-to-face interview from mothers of the newborns using questionnaire translated into local language Tigrigna and the neonates’ related information extracted from mothers’ cards. The study participant was selected by systemic random sampling method. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. During immediate postdelivery, respondents reported their observations that delivery room windows were closed (70.3%), skin-to-skin contact (STSC) (89%), baby dried (93.2%) and immediate initiation of breastfeeding in less than one hour (67.2%). Mothers who stated that they were counseled to delay baby bathing for 24 h were 11.3%, for proper baby clothing were 6.8% and 7.3% of them told that mother and baby should be together. According to the median, 60.7% of the level of thermal care practice was suboptimal (median <=6). Using multivariate logistic regression gestational age of the newborn and the status of health provider who attend the delivery had statically strong relationship. Above half of the thermal care practice was suboptimal. In addition to this, nearly 40% of the mothers were feeling cold during delivery and there was low level of counseling to delay baby bathing for 24 h. Keywords: thermal care, essential newborn care, delayed bathing, skin-to-skin contact (STSC), immediate breastfeeding Cite this Article Merhawi Berhane, Abera Haftu, Gedamu Abera et al. Thermal Care Practice for Newborns and its Associated Factors in Mekelle Hospital and Ayder Referral Hospital Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia December 2016. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2017; 6(1): 39–46p.
Patients with Migraine: Precipitating and Aggravating Factors, Disease Related Problems, Treatment Seeking Behaviour in a Tertiary Hospital
Background: Migraine is highly prevalent, disabling and benign neurological disorder. It is characterized by unilateral throbbing pain, which is moderate to severe in intensity and associated with certain symptoms that may or may not be preceded by focal symptoms called an aura. The current study was conducted with the objectives to assess precipitating and aggravating factors, disease related problems and treatment seeking behaviour among patients with migraine attending neurology OPD in a tertiary hospital. Materials and Method: The study was conducted by employing descriptive approach on 105 patients with migraine visiting neurology OPD, PGIMER, Chandigarh. The data was collected through structured interview and self-reports of the subjects. The data was analyzed using SPSS (version 16.0). Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 35.16±1.06 years with a range of 17–62 years. Majority of them were females who reported noise and stress as the most common aggravating and precipitating factors with irritability, fatigue and light headedness as the most common symptoms associated with migraine attacks. All the study subjects were taking prescribed medications and >95% reported that the medications relieved their symptoms. Conclusion: Migraine is debilitating and affects sufferer’s quality of life. Management of aggravating and precipitating factors is an important aspect of migraine management on which extensive patient education is required. Keywords: Aggravating factors, disease related problems, migraine, precipitating factors, treatment seeking behaviour Cite this Article Patients with Migraine: Precipitating and Aggravating Factors, Disease Related Problems, Treatment Seeking Behaviour in a Tertiary Hospital. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2016; 5(3): 13–21p.
Automatic Gain Control Amplifier for Analog Front End in Biomedical Applications
This paper presents the design review of feed-forward automatic gain control (AGC) amplifier to be used in analog front end of biomedical applications such as hearing aid. To make system low-power, the design of each block is optimized and all elements are realized using MOS. The whole design is simulated in LTspice IV using 0.18 µm CMOS technology and the results are presented. Keywords: Automatic gain control (AGC), biomedical signal acquisition, analog circuit simulation, biomedical circuits and systems Cite this Article Bhumit Rojivadia, Krunal Tank, Dipesh Panchal. Automatic Gain Control Amplifier forAnalog Front End in Biomedical Applications. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2016; 5(3): 22–26p.
Effect of Kineso Taping with Exercise versus Ultrasound with Exercise on Pain Relief in Acute Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most frequent compression neuropathy with an estimated prevalence in the general population of 3.7–5.8%. It may be up to three times more common in women than men, with the prevalence highest in the 40–55 year old age group. Global country Malaysia has higher prevalence of CTS among nurses, dentists and other occupations with more wrist flexion movement in Malaysia. Higher prevalence was shown in respondents who were more than 30 years old (25.0%) compared to age below 30 years (3.2%). Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common peripheral entrapment neuropathy with prevalence rates 21.5% (overall), 32.5% (technicians) and 12% (attenders). The rate increased with increasing age and years of employment and it affects women more than men. The prevalence of CTS was found to be 13.1% among computer professionals. Subjects with over 8 years of computer work, over 12 h of work per day and system administrators were at a higher risk for CTS. Flexed or extended hand position had higher risk for CTS. Quasi experimental comparison study of two different groups was performed. 30 patients with acute carpal tunnel syndrome are included for the study based on simple random sampling. All English, Malay or Tamil speaking patients, 30 to 60 years old who presented with acute carpal tunnel syndrome and met the requirement of inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. The result obtained from this study shows that control group ultrasound with exercise relief pain in the t test result 9.886 and the p-value is 0.000**, which is significant compared to the test group t- test value which is 5.264 and the p value 0.000**. The control group which is ultrasound with exercise improve grip strength of the right hand shows significant result in t-test –2.750 and the p value is 0.016* compared to the test group Kinesio taping t test result, –2.432 and p value is 0.029. Keywords: Carpal tunnel syndrome, visual analogue scale, Boston carpal tunnel syndrome questionnaire, grip strength using handheld dynamometer Cite this Article Jency Sudha Deva Arul, Sharminiy Muniandy, Rishikesavan Raghupathy, et al. Effect of Kineso Taping with Exercise versus Ultrasound with Exercise on Pain Relief in Acute Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2016; 5(3): 27–41p.
Assessment of Prognosis in Madhumeha (Diabetes Mellitus) Using Tail Bindu Mutra Pariksha
The science of Ayurveda is supposed to be based upon observations and experience based medical science. The physiological aspects of Ayurvedic concepts are equally important to pathological and clinical Ayurveda. In Ayurvedic texts various methods of examination of patient (Rogi Pariksha) as well as disease (Roga Pariksha) has been described separately. Tail Bindu Pariksha as described in yoga ratnakar is one such method of urine examination. The Tail Bindu Mutra Pariksha using Sesame oil is a unique technique for urine examination, which is diagnostic as well as prognostic in nature and provides information about the disease and patient too. In the present era of life style disorders, Diabetes mellitus stands at top worldwide. In this paper, the practical aspects of this old technique “Tail Bindu Mutra Pariksha” have been described in the patients of Diabetes mellitus (Madhumeha) particularly. The Test was carried out in 10 patients of Madhumeha (Diabeties mellitus) to look for the prognosis of disease. Various aspects of Mutra Pariksha, such as spreading time, shape and direction of Tail bindu have been considered in “Tila Tail Pariksha”. The time of the urine sample collection has been kept same in all the patients. The observations have been made on the basis of proforma prepared and the characteristics appeared in the patient’s urine sample. The present research yielded the conclusion that, Tila Tail Mutra Pariksha not only helps in assessing the diagnostic features of a diabetic patient but also indicates towards the prognosis of the disease for that particular person. Keywords: Tail bindu, Tail bindu Mutra Pariksha, Vataja prameha, Madhumeha, Diabetes mellitus Cite this Article Arora Smita. Assessment of Prognosis in Madhumeha (Diabetes Mellitus) Using Tail Bindu Mutra Pariksha. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2016; 5(3): 5–12p.
A Rare Variant of Holoprosencephaly: Ethmocephaly with Inferior Proboscis and Amelia
Ethmocephaly is a rare phenotypic variant of holoprosencephaly, characterized by the failure of embryonic prosencephalon to properly divide the orbits of the eye into two cavities with grossly incomplete morphogenesis of fore brain. The severity has a marked variability and ranges from hypotelorism to cyclopia with craniofacial dysmorphism, such as microcephaly with a single central incisor. Reports of this anomaly are few and because of the rarity even among Holoprosencephaly. We report a case of Ethmocephay with inferior probocis from 32 year old lady G2P1L1 with previous history of normal vaginal delivery who presented to us 40 weeks of pregnancy with no fetal movements. She delivered stillbirth: a female fetus with multiple defects and diagnosed as a case of holoprosencephaly with ethmocephaly. Normally the ethamocephaly with superior probocis is usual presentation. But this stillborn fetus cyclop has inferior proboscis, ill-developed face, amelia and foot abnormlities. This case is presented because of atypical presentation of ethmocephaly like, amelia, absent of both ears, mouth opening which are not mentioned in any previous literatures. Keywords: Ethmocephaly, holoprosencephaly, inferior proboscis, amelia Cite this Article Adil Asghar, Vinod Kumar, Monika Srivastava et al. A Rare Variant of Holoprosencephaly: Ethmocephaly with Inferior Proboscis and Amelia. Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2016; 5(3): 1–4p.
Evaluation of the Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile in Normoglycemic and Streptozotocin-induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, progressive disease, which is accompanied by multiple complications. Hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia are common complications of diabetes mellitus. The current approaches for treatment of diabetes are mostly dependent on insulin and other oral standard drugs, which have their own put falls. Thus, micronutrients supplementation is gaining momentum as the quest for management of diabetes continues. Certain micronutrients increase insulin synthesis secretion and insulin sensitivity thereby improve glycemic control and dyslipidemia. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation on glycemic control and lipid profile in normoglycemicand STZ-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Measurements of biochemical parameters such as fasting blood glucose level, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, and serum lipid profile (HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, and TG) were carried out. Glucometer was used to analyze the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and interventional (daily) blood glucose levels over time. At the end of the experiment, Cobasintegra 400 plus was used to analyze the blood glucose levels and lipid profile. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and paired sample students T-test statistical methods. Diabetic rats receiving 90 mg/kg zinc supplement had significantly low blood glucose levels (P < 0.05 at 2 and 6 hrs and P < 0.01 at 4 hrs vs day 30) compared with the initial blood glucose level, over time. Similarly, this group had low blood glucose levels (P < 0.01 at 2 and 6 hrs; and P < 0.001 at 4 hrs vs day 30) compared with diabetic control group. The diabetic rats treated with 90 mg/kg zinc had significant differences of lipid profile (P < 0.05 vs HDL-c, P < 0.01 vs TG, and P < 0.001 vs LDL-c and TC) compared with diabetic control rats. The present study showed that zinc supplement had hypoglycemic effect in normoglycemic rats, but had no effect on their lipid profile. This supplement had pronounced effect in improving glycemic control and dyslipidemia of the diabetic rats. The results from the current study can be utilized to pinpoint the effect of Zinc supplementation innormoglycemic and T2DM. In addition, this study is significant to know for how much time Zinc prolongs the action of insulin over time thereby to maintain glycemic control and lipid profile in T2DM. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, zinc, insulin sensitivity, fasting blood glucose level, serum lipid profile, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test Cite this Article Gebremeskel and Seifu. Evaluation of the Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile in Normoglycemic and Streptozotocin-induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats. Research and Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2016; 5(2): 41–51p.
Visit to Visit Fasting Plasma Glucose Variability and Associated Factors in Diabetic Patients
Wide glycemic variability has been proposed as one of the factors associated with poor glycemic control and development of diabetes complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of visit to visit fasting plasma variability and associated factors in patients with diabetes. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 280 diabetic patients attending outpatient diabetic clinic of Ayder Referral hospital between December, 2015 and April, 2016. Relevant data were collected using face to face interview, laboratory investigation, and review of patients’ medical records. Month to month variability of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was assessed using mean, standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variations (CV). Chi-square, student t-test, binary and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to assess any significant differences among independent variables and their associations with wide glycemic variability. Mean duration of diabetes since diagnosis was 5.8 years in Type 1 and 6.5 years in Type 2 diabetic patients. According to CV of FPG, 56.5% of Type 1 and 49.2% of Type 2 diabetic patients had marked glycemic variability (CV>25). Current and mean FPG were >130 mg/dL in 59.8% and 65.2% of Type 1 and 66.7% and 72% of Type 2 diabetic patients, respectively. In Type 2 diabetic patients’ low educational status, low BMI and high mean FPG showed statistical significant association with wide glycemic variability. The results indicate high rate visit to visit glycemic variability. Additional efforts and targeted interventions are needed to improve inconsistent glycemic control. Keywords: glycemic variability, diabetes complication, glycemic control Cite this Article Ketema and Abraha. Visit to Visit Fasting Plasma Glucose Variability and Associated Factors in Diabetic Patients. Research and Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2016; 5(2): 14–24p.
Effect of Diarrhea at Admission on Time to Recovery in Treatment of Severe Acute Malnourished Children in Inpatient Therapeutic Feeding Program in Tigray Region, Ethiopia
The mortality rate in inpatient settings remained unacceptably higher, 20–30% for marasmus and 50–60% for kwashiorkor. This is due to inappropriate case management and co-morbidities mainly diarrhea. Despite, there was no study conducted to show the effect of diarrhea at admission on the length of time to recovery in the treatment of severe acute malnutrition among children aged 6–59 months and then there is little understanding about this issue. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of diarrhea at admission on the length of time to recovery and its determinants among children aged 6–59 months admitted to therapeutic feeding program in the treatment of severe acute malnutrition. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on children treated for severe acute malnutrition based on the WHO protocol in Tigray region.Simple random sampling was used to select four hospitals and systematic random sampling for selecting study unit records after proportional allocation technique to each hospital was carried out. Data was entered using Epi info 3.5.1 software, and transferred to SPSS 20.0 for windows for cleaning and analysis. The results were estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, log-rank test, and Cox-regression.The average length of time to recovery was around 11–12 days in both children, without and with diarrhea at admission. The proportion of recovered children among children admitted with diarrhea (42%) was less than those admitted without diarrhea (48%), but it had no statistically significant difference (HR= 0.84, 95%, CI= 0.65,1.07, P= 0.14). Co-morbidities statistically associated with the length of time to recover among children admitted with diarrhea were pneumonia (HR= 0.69, 95%, CI= 0.48, 0.99, P= 0.046), dehydration (HR= 0.50, 95%, CI= 0.34, 0.73, P< 0.001) and anemia (HR=0.61, 95%, CI= 0.37, 0.98, P= 0.04), but not among children admitted without diarrhea. Routine medicines; antibiotics, vitamin A and folic acid were rarely given. The effect of diarrhea on the treatment length of time among severe acute malnutrition management on the inpatient feeding program did not show statistically significant difference in this study. However, there was a slight difference in length of time to recovery i.e. the length of time to recovery was higher among children admitted with diarrhea (12 days) than those admitted without diarrhea (11 days). The results from the current study can be utilized to pinpoint the effect of diarrhea at admission on the length of time to recovery in the treatment of severe acute malnutrition among patients at governmental hospitals in Tigray Region, thereby to provide knowhow for health workers and policy makers to improve their knowledge and performance on inpatient therapeutic feeding program through effective implementation of the WHO inpatient SAM management protocol and for efficient resource allocation and health workers to avoid poor treatment in an inpatient admission. Keywords: Diarrhea, admission on time, severe acute malnourished children, mortality, co-morbidities Cite this Article Kahsay et al. Effect of Diarrhea at Admission on Time to Recovery in Treatment of Severe Acute Malnourished Children in Inpatient Therapeutic Feeding Program in Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Research and Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2016; 5(2): 25–40p.
The Interactive Morbidity of Bipolar II Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Bipolar II disorder (bipolar disorder) interacts with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in a synergistic pattern during its symptomatic course. The relationship of the disorders is overall negative in terms of treatment outcomes and more risky and severe in its comorbid form (i.e., in terms of higher probability of hospitalization or incarceration). Somatic disease should be considered in cases presenting with the symptomology of any form of bipolar disorder as certain illnesses mimic or co-occur with the disorder (e.g., type-II diabetes). From a nosological viewpoint, bipolar disorder with OCD comorbidity is characterized as either a sub-type of bipolar disorder itself or as an independent disease entity. Keywords: Bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, comorbidity Cite this Article Flaer P, Badri S. The Interactive Morbidity of Bipolar II Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Research and Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2016; 5(2): 10–13p.
Magnitude of Perceived Stigma and Factors Associated with Care Givers of Schizophrenic Patients: The Case of Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Stigma is a social process, experienced and characterized by exclusion, rejection, blaming or devaluation of a person or a group. Schizophrenia, especially because of its distinctive symptoms like common disruptive behavior and perceived dangerousness, exposes patients to stigma and discrimination. If families do not seek help because of stigma, young people will be at risk of longer durations of untreated illness. To assess magnitude and factors associated with perceived stigma among caregivers of schizophrenic patients at Amanuel Hospital in Ethiopia. The study design was a hospital-based cross-sectional survey. Data were collected from May, 6–31, 2013 using structured and pre-tested questionnaire. Four hundred and twelve study participants were recruited using systematic sampling technique. Epi Info version 3.5.3 and SPSS version 17.0 packages were used for data entry and analysis was done respectively. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association between outcome and explanatory variables. Four hundred and twelve participants had provided data. The overall prevalence of perceived stigma against participants, as was discovered from the study through Family Interview Schedule Stigma (FIS), was 92%. Never married [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 4.55; 95% Confidence Interval (CI):1.98–10.43], Rural residence [AOR; 4.38; 95%CI: 1.65–11.58], Being a husband or wife [AOR; 7.01; 95% CI: 1.78–27.56] and duration of illness [AOR; 3.31; 95% CI: 1.30–8.44] were factors associated with perceived stigma among care givers’ of schizophrenic patients. Magnitude of perceived stigma was found to be 92%. Marital status, residency, duration of illness and caregiver relationship were factors associated with perceived stigma among caregivers of schizophrenic patients. Hence, it is recommended to organize stigma focused interventions. Social support programs should be designed and integrated with anti-stigma intervention so as to cope with perceived stigma through behavioral change communication at different settings. Keywords: Amanuel specialized hospital, perceived stigma, care giver, schizophrenia Cite this Article Tesfalem Araya, Kidanu Gebremariam, Alemayehu Bayray, Niguse Yigzaw. Magnitude of Perceived Stigma and Factors Associated with Care Givers of Schizophrenic Patients: The Case of Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Research and Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2016; 5(2): 1–9p.
Evaluation of Postpartum Service Utilization and Causes for Non-Utilization Among Governmental EPI Clinic Attendants in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
Maternal and neonatal death is still a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Most of this death occurs during the postnatal period. Evidences shown that, utilization of the recommended postnatal service is very important to reduce the current challenging maternal and neonatal death. Henceforth, the aim of this revision was to assess postnatal crisscross exploitation and its perceived root for non-utilization among governmental EPI health center attendants in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. An institutional based, cross-sectional study was carried out in three randomly selected governmental heath institutions from Jan 1–30/2015. A total of 245 women who had delivered in the previous 12 months were asked to participate in the study using a semi-structured questionnaire. The proportion of women who had received the postnatal care after delivery was low (37%). Less than one in five women (19.6%) received care within 48 h, of giving birth. Lack of information, experience of bad approach of the care providers, no postnatal appointment, no perceived need for postnatal care by women and their families were the major reasons for not utilizing postnatal checkup. The result of this study shows that the postnatal service utilization was very low in the study area i.e., only 37% of the participant was utilized the service. Therefore, the researcher recommend that stake holders, policymakers and postnatal care providers should analysis the gap and able to improve postnatal service utilization in order to reduce postnatal death of the mothers and their newborn. Keywords: Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia, postnatal checkup, participants Cite this Article Zemene and Yitayih. Evaluation of Postpartum Service Utilization and Causes for Non-Utilization among Governmental EPI Clinic Attendants in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Research and Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology. 2016; 5(1): 46–51p.