Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy (RRJoPC) eISSN 2394 - 7276 It is a print and e-journal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Pharmacognosy. Focus & Scope: Pharmaceutical biology Pharmacogenomics Phytochemistry Plant metabolomics Medicinal plant research Medicine from natural sources Pharmaceutical biotechnology Quality assurance Secondary metabolites
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A Study on Polypharmacy Effects in Geriatrics in a Tertiary Care Teaching HospitalA Study on Polypharmacy Effects in Geriatrics in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
Abstract Polypharmacy/polymedicine/multiple drugs is the use of four or more medications by a patient. Geriatrics or geriatric medicine is a specialty that focuses on health care of elderly people. Polypharmacy are the major risk factor of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Elders are prone to multiple diseases is the leading cause for the using of polypharmacy. It increases hospital staying, cost of medications. Health care providers should evaluate the prescription, simplifying the prescription, obtaining of medication history. Keywords: ADRs, NSAIDs, geriatrics, polypharmacy Cite this Article K. Sangeetha, S. Varalakshmi. A Study on Polypharmacy Effects in Geriatrics in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2017; 4(1): 36–38p.
A Comprehensive Reviewon Therapeutic Potentials ofPatha (Cissampelos pareira Linn.) from Classical Texts of Ayurveda
Abstract Patha is one of the widely used medicinal plants since Vedic period. In classical texts, the plant is also cited as an edible leafy vegetable apart from its medicinal properties. Patha is indicated in the treatment of various disease conditions as a single drug and as an ingredient of many compound formulations. In the present review, comprehensive review of Ayurvedic classical plant Patha has been carried out from 25 Nighantus (lexicons) and 8 Chikitsagranthas (Compendia). It is observed that, about 60 synonyms were coined in classical texts of Ayurveda, for describing the morphological characters and pharmacological propertiesof Patha. The drug has been placed under25 different Varga (groups of plants) like, Guduchyadi varga(6)Pippalyadi varga(4), etc. Patha has beenattributed with Katu-tikta rasa, Ushna virya, Laghu-tikshna guna and Kaphapittaharaproperties according to majority of classical texts. In referred 8 compendia, about434 compoundformulations of Pathawere observed. Maximum number of formulations are found in Vangasena Samhita (149) followed by Bhaisjyaratnavali (148), Vrindamadhava (119), Gadanigraha (79). 409 formulations were indicated internallyand 23 were used for external application in number of conditions like Atisara, Grahani, Arsha, Jwara, Kushtha, etc. All these formulations were used in 17 different dosage forms. Kwatha (145) is the frequently used dosage formfollowed by Choorna (107) andGhrita (48). Keywords:Ayurveda, Cissampelos pareira Linn, Kwatha, Menispermaceae, Patha Cite this Article Suman Singh, K. Nishteswar, B.R. Patel. A Comprehensive Review on Therapeutic Potentials of Patha (Cissampelos pareira Linn.) from Classical Texts of Ayurveda. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2017; 4(1): 17–35p.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Stem Bark of Homalium Zeylanicum Benth On Wistar Rats
Abstract Due to the adverse effects of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic drugs, which are currently in clinical use, a need arises to develop newer anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic agents with less side effects. The investigations of the efficacy of plant-based drugs used in the traditional medicine have evidenced great interest owing to their lesser side effects. In this context the present study was conceptualized to evaluate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Homalium zeylanicum Benth. (HZ) stem bark. HZ belongs to the family Flacourtiaceae, traditionally reported for treatment of rheumatism, but there is no scientific evidence. Powder microscopy of HZ bark powder was performed as part of its standardization. The aqueous (HZAQE), alcoholic (HZALE), petroleum ether (HZPEE) and non-petroleum ether (HZNPE) extracts of stem bark powder were prepared and standardized by preliminary phytochemical tests, total phenolic and flavonoid content. HZALE and HZAQE were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity by various methods like DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assay. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity for all extract (250, 400 and 500 mg/kg) was performed on Wistar rats by carrageenan induced acute paw oedema method. The extracts have shown good anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging activity. All extracts have shown dose dependent significant decrease in the rat paw volume. HZPEE at 500 mg/kg showed maximum significant activity. The study reveals that, extracts possess potent anti-inflammatory activity attributing to the suppression of the first and second phase of inflammation. Tri-terpenoids, volatile constituents and flavonoids present in the stem bark might be responsible for this suppression. However further studies are required at the molecular level to establish the beneficial role of HZ for inflammatory disorder. Keywords: anti-inflammatory, Homalium zeylanicum, anti-oxidant, Carrageenan Cite this Article Tekuri Manoj Kumar, Sreenivasa Reddy S, Krishna K.L et al. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Stem Bark of Homalium Zeylanicum Benth On Wistar Rats. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2017; 4(1): 39–50p.
Identification and Standardization of Crude Drugs according to Ayurvedic and Modern Parameters
Abstract Medicinal plants constitute a source of raw material for both traditional system of medicine and modern medicine. Now plant materials are employed throughout the pharmaceuticals industries, developing world as home remedies and ingredients for the industry. Standardization of herbal drugs in this globalization phase of Ayurveda bears utmost significance becausethis can sustain the tremendous interest that Ayurveda is witnessing across the globe. The increased use of herbaldrugs and concerns over their safety and efficacy has certainly augmented the need of standardization. Even though by knowing its utilities fromgenerations this area couldn’t get a good platformbecause lack of proper identification of plants and their materials. Ayurveda suggest some technique for identification of drugs on the basis of synonyms and nomenclature of drug, panchbhautikparikshana,bhumi and deshparikshan, collection and storage of drugs, herbarium and ext. appearance. In modern parameters WHO and API has set up guideline for identification and standardization of crude drugs which includesmacroscopy,microscopy, ash value, extract, TLC and many other parameters to identify, authenticate and study of chemical composition. Application oftechnique likeTLC,HPTLC and HPLC are very authentictechnique for evaluation of proper species particularly the substitutes or adulterants.DNA fingerprinting a molecular tool has become available which allow genetic analysis of the species.The present study will review the identification and standardization of crude drugs as per Ayurvedic and modern parameters. Keywords: Ayurveda,crude drugs,herbal drugs, modern parameters, standardization,quality control Cite this Article Sunita R. Paradkar. Identification and Standardization of Crude Drugs according to Ayurvedic and Modern Parameters. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2017; 4(1): 11–16p.
Indian Medicinal Plants used in Diabetes Mellitus: AnOverview
Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the commonest endocrine disorder that affects more than 100 million people worldwide (6% of the population). It is caused by the deficiency or ineffective production of insulin by pancreas which results in increase or decrease in concentrations of glucose in the blood. It is found to damage many of the body systems, particularly the blood vessels and nerves both insulin-dependent DM (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent DM (NIDDM) is a common and serious metabolic disorder throughout the world. In India, diabetes has been known for a long time, but its incidence is not of the same magnitude across the subcontinent. Medicinal herbs as potential source of therapeutic aids have attained a significant role in health system all over the world for both humans and animals. Traditional treatments have mostly disappeared in occidental societies, but some are prescribed by practitioner alternative medicine or taken by patients as supplements to conventional therapy. However, plant remedies are the mainstay of treatment in underdeveloped regions. A hypoglycaemic action from some treatments has been confirmed in animal models and dependent diabetic patients, and various hypoglycaemic compounds have been identified. Traditional medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of the world’s population. This review focuses on Indian herbal drugs and plants used in the treatment of diabetes, especially in India. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic plants CitethisArticle ShindeS.A.,ChavhanS.A.,SapkalS.B.etal.IndianMedicinalPlantsusedinDiabetesMellitus:AnOverview.Research&Reviews:AJournalofPharmacognosy.2017;4(1):1–10p.
Advantages and Updates of Abhyanga in Infant and Infant Massage: A Review
Abstract Abhyanga is the oldest of all techniques for healing, preventing diseases and promoting health. Ongoing through the ancient texts, it is evident that Abhyanga is one of the consequential Ayurvedic procedure practiced since the dawn of civilization. It has been included as a part of Dinacharya as a health maintenance and as the treatment major for certain diseases. It is also a part of pre-therapeutic procedures of Panchakarma. The dramatic growth of infants during the first year of life imposes unique cares. Considering the smooth transition of children Ayurveda explained Abhyanga, very delicate and sophisticated protocol for infant. Abhyanga is quoted in navajatashishupareecharya, samskara, balagraha etc. Infant massage with lubricant is in practice around the world and resembles with Ayurveda Abhyanga process. Several benefits of Abhyanga in infant include nourishment, health, protection, emotional well-being and beauty purpose. It has a great importance according to the pressure applied, the techniques adopted, the materials used etc. Harmful effects like physical injury and increased risk of infection were encountered when performed inappropriately. Though Abhyanga is one of the most important auxiliary medical maneuvers, it has been ignored by the practitioners and parents too. The review also discusses the different hypotheses put forward regarding the mechanism of action in both Ayurveda and modern science. Keywords: Abhyanga, Ayurveda, infant massage, mechanism of action Cite this Article Madhumita Panigrahi, Mahesh Vyas, Kabi Prasad Mohanty. Advantages and Updates of Abhyanga in Infant and Infant Massage: A Review. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2016; 3(3): 5–12p.
Antimicrobial Potential of Methanolic Extract of Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn Fruits
Abstract Barringtonia acutangula is a middle-sized plant which is distributed in Meghalaya, Assam, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha, used in treatment of various ailments. The present work has investigated the antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of Barringtonia acutangula fruit against six resistance bacterial strains such as Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter bumannii (Gram positive) and Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli (Gram negative). The antibacterial activity was evaluated by well-in agar assay. It was found that methanol extract of B. acutangula showed significant antibacterial activity against the test micro-organisms by disc diffusion and tube dilution methods. Further, the extract was found to be more effective against gram positive bacteria. Methanol fruit extract of B. acutangula showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges between 0.67 and 4.27 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranges between 1.51 and 9.63 mg/ml. The presence of carbohydrate, glycoside, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and phenolic compounds were ascertained on phytochemical screening of methanol extract of the fruit. The present work revealed that, phytochemical compounds present in fruit of this plant are principal sources for significant antibacterial activity. Further study is needed to access the development of novel formulation by taking fruit extract of B. acutangula and isolation of bioactive phytoconstituents. Keywords: Barringtonia acutangula, phytochemical screening, anti-microbial activity Cite this Article Mohanty A, Das C, Ghosh G et al. Antimicrobial Potential of Methanolic Extract of Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn Fruits. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2016; 3(3): 13–18p.
Oncology in Ayurveda—Concept & Management
Abstract Cancer is known to mankind since long. The disease has been believed to be difficult to cure, due to uncontrolled cell division. Disease has been described in details as Arbuda in ayurvedic classics. There are four-fold treatments for Arbuda viz., Aushadha (medicinal management with medicinal herbs, polyherbal combinations and herbomineral compounds); Kshara (alkali treatment); Agni Karma; and Shastra (surgical removal of tumour). The selection of medicaments or process depends on the status of patient and disease. Medicinal management or conservative management is opted to increase local host defence and nutritional principle that ensure better tissue health and thus offers resistance to proliferating cancer cells. Unlike other cytotoxic measures herbal medicine have added benefit of improving nutrition to the area affected thus it arrests growth of cancer cells. The other measures can be employed in later stages of disease for detoxicating specific area of tumour. Keywords: cancer, arbuda, detoxicating, tumour, herbomineral compounds Cite this Article Shukla N. Oncology in Ayurveda—Concept & Management. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2016; 3(3): 19–23p.
Abstract Ayurveda is the ancient most system of medicine and most of Indian population uses Ayurvedic drugs in some form [1]. Their high cultural acceptability is due to the experienced safety and efficiency over centuries of use. Because of their unique effects and relatively low side effects, this medicine has been gaining popularity all over the world. British physicians travelled to India to observe rhinoplasty being performed using native methods [2]. Quality is conformance to requirement and meeting stated as well as implied needs of customer. The word quality is derived from Latin ‘qualis’ means ‘of what kind’ and encompasses composition and properties of object. Pharmaceutical products are subjected to have highly regulated quality control. The increasing use of these products worldwide and the growth of Ayurvedic drugs industry have led to increasing concern regarding their safety. Quality is conformance to requirement and meeting stated as well as implied needs of customer. Quality control is a challenge to ensure safety, efficacy, and batch-to-batch consistency of Ayurvedic products due to the complexity of phytochemical constituents. To ensure both safety and efficacy of herbal medicines, implementation of and adherence to good agricultural and collection practice (GACP), good plant authentication and identification practice (GPAIP), good manufacturing practice (GMP) before and during the manufacturing process, and good laboratory practice (GLP) in analysis are necessary which are ethically delivered to the subjects as per good clinical practices. To protect the health of consumers, the quality and safety of herbs and herbal products must be ensured. To date, the toxicity, genotoxicity, and tumorigenicity of many herbal products have not been fully studied. The current paper plans to discuss the essential components of GMP, GCP, GLP. Keywords: Good clinical practices (GCP), good manufacturing practices (GMP), good laboratory practice (GLP), quality control Cite this Article Aparna Sharma, Vadiya Ish Sharma, Nancy Shahi. Quality Control of Ayurvedic Drugs. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2016; 3(3): 24–27p.
Current Insight to the Uses of Rauwolfia: A Review
Abstract Rauwolfia serpentina is an Indian medicinal plant and is a safe and effective treatment for poisonous reptiles. The plant was used by many physicians throughout India in the 1940s and then was used throughout the world in the 1950, including in the United States and Canada. It fell out of popularity when adverse side effects, including depression and cancer, become associated with it. In this review we focus on the use of Rauwolfia and treatment for many diseases, its botany, chemistry and mode of action with special emphasis on the plants role in treating high blood pressure and hypertension, and also critically examining its adverse side effects, toxicology and carcinogenicity. Keywords: Rauwolfia serpentina, Reserpine, Indole-Alkaloids, Potent, Antihypertensive, Herbal remedy, Medicinal plant Cite this Article Nitin Biradar, Iswar Hazarika, Vineeth Chandy. Current Insight to the Uses of Rauwolfia: A Review. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2016; 3(3): 1–4p.
Medicinal properties of garlic: An Overview
Abstract Garlic is a plant in the Allium (onion) family. It is closely related to onions, shallots and leeks. It grows in many parts of the world and is a popular ingredient in cooking due to its strong smell and delicious taste. However, throughout ancient history, the main use of garlic was for its health and medicinal properties. Its use was well documented by all the major civilizations… including the Egyptians, Babylonians, Greeks, Romans and the Chinese. Most of the health effects are caused by one of the sulfur compounds formed when a garlic clove is chopped, crushed or chewed. This compound is known as allicin, and is also responsible for the distinct garlic smell. Allicin enters the body from the digestive tract and travels all over the body, where it exerts its potent biological effects. Keywords: Allicin, Allium sativum, Thiacremonone, Allicin Cite this Article Anjali Tripathi. Medicinal Properties of Garlic: An Overview. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2016; 3(2): 27–33p.
An Overview: Therapeutic Application of Plant Ocimum Sanctum
Abstract The Ocimum sanctum are used for curing various diseases. In traditional system, whole plant of Ocimum sanctum Linn. has been recommended for the treatment of many diseases like skin disease, malaria, diarrhea, dysentery, arthritis, bronchitis, eye diseases, insect bites etc. as well as O. sanctum L. possess anti-fertility, anticancer, antidiabetic, antifungal, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, analgesic, antispasmodic and adaptogenic actions. In O. sanctum L. Eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene) has been found which is a very active constituent and has therapeutic potentials. The studies reported in the present review confirm the therapeutic value of O. sanctum L. and support the use of this plant for human and animal disease therapy. Keywords: Ocimum Sanctum, holy basil, anti-diabetic, therapy, diseas Cite this Article Shekhar Shukla. An Overview: Therapeutic Application of Plant Ocimum Sanctum. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2016; 3(2): 6–10p
Impact of Free Radicals and Antioxidants on Human Health
Abstract Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd (unpaired) number of electrons and can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules. Once formed these highly reactive radicals can start a chain reaction heir chief danger comes from the damage they can do when they react with important cellular components such as DNA, or the cell membrane. Cells may function poorly or die if this occurs. To prevent free radical damage the body has a defense system of antioxidants. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body's ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. Hence application of external source of antioxidants can assist in coping this oxidative stress. This process plays a major part in the development of chronic and degenerative illness such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, aging, cataract, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The present review provides a brief overview on oxidative stress mediated cellular damages and role antioxidants in the management of human diseases. Keywords: Antioxidants, Oxidative stress, Free radicals, Diseases Cite this Article Rajeev Singh. Impact of free radicals and Antioxidants on Human Health. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2016; 3(2): 19–26p.
Aerva sanguinolenta (L) Blume: A Review on Morphology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Aspects
Abstract In India, herbs have always been the natural form of medicine. Many of the most common medicines are developed from the components of medicinal plants. Aerva sanguinolenta (F: Amaranthaceae) is a pernennial herb found in tropical countries. It is commonly known as climbing wool plant. It is having many folklore medicinal uses like wound healing, anti-inflammatory, diuretic etc. As far as the available literature is concerned, this plant has not yet been scientifically validated. This review provides good information with regard to its identification parameters and to develop new therapies from the plant parts. Keywords: Aerva sanguinolenta, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, wound healing Cite this Article Silvia N, Pushpa Kumari K, Asha Priya M. Aerva sanguinolenta (L) Blume: A Review on Morphology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Aspects. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2016; 3(2): 1–5p.
Azadirachta indica is variously known as Sacred Tree. Neem seed pulp is useful for methane gas production. Neem is a fast-growing tree that can reach a height of 15–20 m, rarely to 35–40 m. All parts of Neem tree used as anthelmintic, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, contraceptive and sedative. Neem tree is used in many medicinal treatment like skin diseases, healthy hair, improve liver function, detoxify the blood, Pest and disease control, fever reduction, dental treatments, cough, asthma, ulcers, piles, intestinal worms, urinary diseases etc. the article is aims to study the medicinal properties of whole neem plant in various disorders of mankind. Key words: Azadirachta indica , anti-fungal, medicinal treatment, antibacterial
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural inchoation as well as the search for incipient drugs from natural sources. It is withal defined as the study of crude drugs. Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs of natural inception. The term emanates from two Greek words: "pharmakon" betokening drug or medicine, and "gnosis" denoting erudition. Plant preparations are verbalized to be medicinal or herbal when they are habituated to promote health beyond fundamental pabulum. The study of drugs from plants includes the subjects of botany, chemistry and pharmacology.
Wound Healing Effect of Methanolic Extract of Barringtonia acutangula Fruits in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats
Abstract The present study is undertaken to evaluate wound healing effect of methanolic extract of Barringtonia acutangula fruits (MEBA) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Diabetes is induced by administration of streptozotocin 45 mg/kg i.p. Both excision and incision models were used in rats. In the excision wound model, the wound area of each animal was measured on days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 after inflicting the wound. Wound contraction (WC) was calculated as a percentage change in the initial wound size. The histopathology study of the skin (newly formed on the wounds) was carried out on 14th post wounding day. Hydroxyproline content was also measured. In the incision wound model, the tensile strength was measured by using tensiometer on 14th post wounding day. MEBA at 20% w/w showed significant wound healing activity as compared to control. The percentage of wound contraction on 14th day by MEBA at 5, 10 and 20% w/w were found to be 90.50, 93.49 and 96.32% respectively. The histopathology revealed an increased number of fibroblast, increased collagen tissue and complete epithelialization in case of MEBA ointment 20% w/w. The tensile strength and hydroxyproline content were found to be significantly increased. Methanolic extract of Barringtonia acutangula fruit (ointment, 20% w/w) showed significant wound healing activity in both excised wound model and incision wound model. Keywords: Barringtonia, diabetes, streptozotocin, wound healing Cite this Article Mohanty A, Das C, Prusty SK, et al. Wound Healing Effect of Methanolic Extract of Barringtonia acutangula Fruits in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2016; 3(1): 24–29p.
Interaction of Cyperus rotundus Compounds and Curcumin with Agents Involved in Autoimmune Beta Cell Destruction
Abstract The study aimed at documenting the plant Cyperus rotundus cyperus which is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus on being subjected to phytochemical screening and efficacy evaluation. The ethnobotanical information was collected to ascertain the systematics of the plant specimen. The plant extracts were investigated to be antidiabetic. Keywords: Herbs, Cyperus rotundus cyperus, antidiabetic activity Cite this Article Shanthi, Ragunadhan MG, Lydia, et al. Interaction of Cyperus rotundus Compounds and Curcumin with Agents Involved in Autoimmune Beta Cell Destruction. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2016; 3(1): 14–23p.
Anticancer and Antioxidant Property of Bunium bulbocastanum Fruits Various Fractions
Abstract Bunium bulbocastanum (family Apiaceae) fruits are normally used as a culinary spice for years. Since antioxidant property has a significant role in preventing oxidative stress, which has been demonstrated to be a major cause in the pathogenesis of cancer, the present study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of Bunium bulbocastanum fruit extracts. Standard in vitro antioxidant assays such as reducing power, super oxide scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging and lipid peroxidation were performed. Anticancer activity was demonstrated using MTT assay on human cell lines. Our results indicated that extract of ethyl acetate has more antioxidation potential than the standard (ascorbic acid). Ethyl acetate, aqueous, crude methanolic, n-hexane and chloroform fractions had 31.24, 26.07, 20.67, 15.51 and 5.72% antioxidation potential at 0.5 mg/ml respectively. Moreover, in the screening of anticancer activity MTT assay revealed the potency of ethyl acetate fraction as better anticancer agent concluding the anticancer activity is due to its antioxidant property. Keywords: Anticancer, antioxidant, Bunium bulbocastanum Cite this Article Iswar Hazarika, Anju Das. Anticancer and Antioxidant Property of Bunium Bulbocastanum Fruits Various Fractions. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2016; 3(1): 9–13p.
Clinical Evaluation of Lekhaniya Effect of Vacha (Acorus calamus) and Musta (Cyperus rotundus) in Medoroga w.s.r. to Obesity: A Comparative Study
Present clinical study was designed to assess the lekhaniya effect of Vacha and Musta in reducing sign and symptoms of Medoroga. Lekhaniya effect can be correlates with antiobesity drug action. Total 40 patient of Medoroga were registered in the OPD of Pakwasa, (Shri Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur). Total patients were divided equally into 2 groups: A and B. Study was done by using randomized single blind method. The trial drugs were identified pharmacognostically as per API standards. In the study both male and female patients with clinical sign and symptoms of Medoroga was taken. Assessment was done with regard to 10 symptoms of Medoroga in Ayurvedic classical text and 3 parameters from modern medicine, i.e., weight height according to age, waist-hip ratio, BMI. These were done before and after the treatment. Group A were treated by 250 mg Vacha churna, BD and group B were treated by 2 gm Musta churna, BD with lukewarm water; for period of 60 days with follow up in 30 days. The result assessed on the basis of symptomatic improvement by using statistical one way ANOVA test. Unpaired t-test was used to comparison between both groups. As a statistical analysis Vacha churna and Musta churna were found significant for Lekhaniya karma. Clinical study shows that Musta churna was more significant (in 5 symptoms angagaurav, pipasavruddhi, shramasamarthata, daurbalta, swedadhikya, also in objective parameters) than vacha. In comparative study between both groups the result was non-significant. Keywords: Lekhniya effect, Medoroga, Musta churna, Obesity, Vacha churna Cite this Article Sunita R. Paradkar, Swatee N. Pardhi; Clinical Evaluation of lekhaniya Effect of vacha (acorus calamus) and Musta (cyperus rotundus) in Medoroga w.s.r. to Obesity: A Comparative Study. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2016; 3(1): 1–8p.
Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extract from Infected Cocoa Against Abscess Forming Bacteria
Abstract In this study, the antibacterial activity of crude phytoalexin extracted from matured cocoa pod against abscess forming bacteria was investigated. The crude phytolexin was extracted using redistilled dichloromethane after five days of post infection. Different concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/ml) of the extract were tested against abscess forming bacteria namely; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecium using paper disc and agar diffusion methods. The result of paper disc method showed that E. coli had a zone of inhibition that varied from 3.00 (50 mg/ml) to 8.00 mm (200 mg/ml), S. aureus 2.00 (50 mg/ml) to 6.00 mm (200 mg/ml), K. pneumonia 2.0 (50 mm) to 9 mm (200 mg/ml), P. aeruginosa 2 mm (50 mg/ml) to 6.00 mm (200 mg/ml) and E. faecium 3.00 (50 mg/ml) to 9.00 mm (200 mg/ml) while the control showed no zone of inhibition. Also, the result of agar diffusion method showed that E. coli had zone of inhibition that varied 6 (50 mg/ml) to 14 mm (200 mg/ml), S. aureus 5.00 (50 mg/ml) to 15.00 mm (200 mg/ml), K. pneumoniae 4.00 (50 mm) to 15 mm (200 mg/ml), P. aeruginosa 6 (50 mg/ml) to 16.00 mm (200 mg/ml) and E. faecium 3.00 (50 mg/ml) to 9.00 mm (200 mg/ml). From the results of this study, it is concluded that the extract from infected cocoa pods can be employed in the production of antibiotics to combat abscess forming bacteria. Keywords: Abscess, cocoa, extract, phytoalexin, antibacterial, inhibition Cite this Article Fagbohun ED, Ibrahim TA. Antibacterial activities of crude extract from infected Cocoa against abscess forming bacteria. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2015; 2(3): 21–27p.
A Comparative Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical study of Haritaki(Treesa) and Gomutra Haritaki w.s.r to Pancha Mahabhuta composition
Abstract Haritaki is considered as king of the medicine. It is described as prime ingredient in many formulations with different indications. Among them, Gomutra Haritaki is processed form of Haritaki which has additional qualities over Haritaki. Maintaining quality standard is must in the era of increasing demand for traditional medicines. The present study was aimed to compare pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical profile of Gomutra Haritaki with Haritaki (Treesa) alone. Haritaki (Treesa) and Gomutra Haritaki were subjected to pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical and high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis and results were interpreted in regards of Guna and Pancha Mahabhuta. Epicarp cell, mesocarp cell and fibers of Haritaki were changed as squashed epicarp cell, loosened mesocarp cell and crushed fiber, respectively in processed form of Gomutra Haritaki. Simple and compound scleroids of Haritaki (Treesa) was changed as yellow content scleroids after pharmaceutical process with Gomutra. Yellow brown content tannin of Haritaki (Treesa) was dissolved after finished product. Presence of crystalline material was found in Gomutra Haritaki which may be due to Gomutra. Loss on drying of Haritaki (Treesa) was 7.34% (w/w), total ash value of Haritaki (Treesa) was 2.201% (w/w), acid insoluble ash of Haritaki (Treesa) was 0.45% (w/w), pH value of Haritaki (Treesa) was 3.0, water soluble extract value of Haritaki (Treesa) was 55.6% (w/w) and alcohol soluble extract of Haritaki (Treesa) was 66.5% (w/w) while loss on drying of Gomutra Haritaki was 6.19% (w/w), total ash value of Gomutra Haritaki was 17.49% (w/w), acid insoluble ash of Gomutra Haritaki was 10.57% (w/w), pH value of Gomutra Haritaki was 5.0, water soluble extract value of Gomutra Haritaki was 56.3% (w/w) and alcohol soluble extract of Gomutra Haritaki was 36.5%. Changes observed in pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical findings between Haritaki (Treesa) and Gomutra Haritaki indicates additional qualities like Ushna, Tikshna, Sukshma, Pittala Guna of Gomutra Haritaki which indicates increase in Agni Mahabhuta. These changes in Guna and Panchmahabhuta constitution may be responsible for Dipana, Pachana, Bhedana, Ksharana action of Gomutra Haritaki. Keywords: Gomutra Haritaki, Haritaki (Treesa), HPTLC, pharmacognosy, physicochemical Cite this Article Joshi S, Goyal M, Harisha CR et al. A Comparative Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Study of Haritaki (Treesa) and Gomutra Haritaki w.s.r to Pancha Mahabhuta Composition. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2015; 2(3): 1–10p.
Challenges on Standardizing of Closely Related Medicinal Plants Ocimum Species
Abstract Ocimum species are reported to have a great medicinal value in Indian medicine. Leaves of Ocimum sanctum and Ocimum basilicum are commonly known as basil and sweet basil respectively belong to the family Labiate. Present work is related to differentiate and standardize of Ocimum sanctum and Ocimum basilicum closely related medicinal plants by using powder microscopy and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The study revealed the importance of powder microscopy and TLC techniques to identify the closely related species. Keywords: Ocimum species, powder microscopy, TLC Cite this Article Sundararajan Madhumathi. Challenges on Standardizing of Closely Related Medicinal Plants Ocimum Species. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2015; 2(3): 11–15p Ocimum species are reported to have a great medicinal value in Indian medicine. Leaves of Ocimum sanctum and Ocimum basilicum are commonly known as Basil and sweet basil respectively belongs to the family labiate. Present work is related to differentiate and standardize of Ocimum sanctum and Ocimum basilicum closely related medicinal plants by using powder microscopy and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The study revealed the importance of powder microscopy and TLC techniques to identify the closely related species.
Antidiabetic Property of Cucumis Sativus Aqueous Leaf Extracts in Alloxan Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Abstract Studies have proven the antidiabetic property of fruit, seeds and pulp of Cucumis sativus. Hence, to investigate the antidiabetic property of the leaf, the aqueous leaf extract of Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae) was investigated on alloxan induced type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced with alloxan and different graded doses of the extracts were then administered to normal and experimental diabetic rats for 12 days. Evaluation was done in normal rats for fasting serum lipid profiles, plasma glucose levels, and changes in body weight while in diabetic rats, additionally liver glycogen levels and pancreatic TBARS levels were evaluated. Standard glibenclamide were then used for comparing all the diabetic groups. The results of our study support the claim of antidiabetic property of Curcumis sativus. Keywords: Alloxan induced diabetes, antidiabetic effect, aqueous extract, cucurbitaceae, Cucumis sativus, oral glucose tolerance test Cite this Article Iswar Hazarika, Folitartha Roy, Ruhul Amin Haque. Antidiabetic property of Cucumis Sativus aqueous leaf extracts in alloxan induced type 2 diabetic rats. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2015; 2(3): 28–33p.
Preparation of Oral Gels Containing Ethanolic Extract of anacardiumoccidentale L and Characterization
Abstract The anti-microbial activity of gel containing Anacardiumoccidentale L. leaf extract was investigated. A total of four formulations (ST1–ST4) and a control (without leaf extract) were prepared. All the formulations were evaluated for physical appearance and physical properties of gel like pH, viscosity, spreadability and extrudability. The results of all the physical parameters of the gel were found to be within the limits. All the four formulations including control were evaluated for anti-microbial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia by cup plate method. The zone of inhibition developed in the plate was measured for antimicrobial activity. Among the four formulations ST3 showed zone of inhibition similar to that of the standard, hence the gel of Anacardiumoccidentale L. leaf extract showed promising anti-microbial activity against the microorganism used in the study. Keywords: Anacardiumoccidentale L, anti-microbial activity, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia Cite this Article Narayana Charyulu R, Prashant Nayak, Sofia Sunny et al. Preparation of Oral Gels Containing Ethanolic Extract of anacardiumoccidentaleL and Characterization. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2015; 2(3): 16–20p.