Trends in Drug Delivery (TDD) eISSN 2394 - 7268 It is a print and e-journal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Drug Delivery. Focus & Scope: Targeted delivery Sustained release formulations Thin Film delivery Drug Carrires Neural drug delivery systems Nanocapsules Drug & Gene delivery system Experimental & Clinical therapeutics Drugs and Regulatory Affairs
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Efficacy of Panchakarma in a Patient of Multiple Myeloma: A Case Study
Abstract The role of Ayurveda is now globally recognized for the quality of life. It has both, the preventive and curative potentials. Panchakarma is one unique principle of Ayurveda which deals with detoxification of body and mind. In this article, a case study of patient suffering from multiple myeloma will be discussed and how his quality of life changed after getting Panchakarma therapy. A male patient aged 67 years; known case of multiple myeloma approached Panchakarma unit having chief complaint of severe back ache due to burst fractures at D8, D12 and weakness. The patient had already taken the Western medical treatment and surgical procedures like bone marrow transplantation; with these treatments, he got slight relief but getting weakness and fractures of thoracic spine due to hypercalcemia, the patient was upset. Hence, the patient came with a hope from Panchakarma. An effort is made by treating this patient with Panchakrma procedures under strict supervision. Keywords: Multiple myeloma, quality of life, Panchakarma
Abstract Ocular inserts are sterile preparations which are to be placed into cul-de-sac or conjuctival sac. The major aim of ocular insert is to maintain a therapeutic level at the site of action for prolonged period of time. The therapeutic efficacy of an ocular drug can be greatly improved by prolonging its contact with the corneal surface. Ocular insert gives several advantages like increased ocular residence time, drug release at a slow constant rate, accurate dosing, reduction of systemic absorption, better patient compliance and targeting internal ocular tissues. Ocular insert offers more bioavailability than other formulation. The ocular inserts are otherwise called as cul-de-sac inserts. Keywords: Ocular inserts, formulation, evaluation Cite this Article Shanmugam S, Vetrichelvan T, Valarmathi S. Ocular Inserts: An Overview. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2017; 4(2): 20–22p.
Management of Katishoola with Shodhana and Vaitarana Basti: A Case Study
Abstract Lower back pain is common in middle age. Management of this depends upon the condition, acute or chronic and the cause on which the orthopedic decides whether it is an emergency or conservative line of treatment is sufficient. In Ayurveda, trikagraha and katigraha come under Vatavyadhi. For Vatavyadhi, the common line of treatment mentioned in classics is Snehana, Swedana and Mridu Samshodhana. In this case, patient came with MRI report and complained pain in lower back from past 8 years, pain radiated to lower limb some times. Patient felt pain in walking also. He had already taken allopathic treatment and Ayurvedic oral medicines from local physician, but he was advised to undergo surgery at last by his orthopedics; which he did not prefer. He did not want to go for surgical treatment. So, patient was treated with Ayurvedic line of treatment and he received good symptomatic relief also. The patient was devoted to treatment and continued treatment for almost a month. In this case, no such oral medicines were used and effort was made to give relief to patient with Panchakarma therapies. Keywords: Katishoola, Virechana, Vaitarana Basti Cite this Article Tribhuvan Pareek, Ish Sharma, Aparna Sharma. Management of Katishoola with Shodhana and Vaitarana Basti: A Case Study. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2017; 4(2): 16–19p.
Role of Ayurvedic Management in Facial Paralysis: A Case Study
Abstract Paralysis is the loss of motor function of a part of human body, negligibly or partially curable most of the times. Facial palsy is known to leave some long lasting disability in many cases. In Ayurvedic text, facial paralysis correlates with Ardita according to the sign and symptoms. One male patient, aged 35 years had complaints of weakness, stiffness and pain in left side of face and difficulty in swallowing and was diagnosed to suffer with Ardita/facial palsy and was administered the Ayurvedic management viz. Virechan procedure and Samshaman Chikitsa (Ashwagandha powder, Shatavari powder, Chopchini powder combination and Brahma Rasayan). Significant relief in weakness, stiffness and pain was noticed, along with improvement in swallowing and phonation abilities, in comparison to the pre-treatment condition. Virechan Karma followed by Shaman Sneha and Samshaman Chikitsa provided moderate improvement in facial paralysis. Keywords: Facial paralysis, Ardita, Panchakrma, Shaman Chikitsa Cite this Article Aparna Sharma, Diptendu Dash, Vaidya Ish Sharma. Role of Ayurvedic Management in Facial Paralysis: A Case Study. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2017; 4(2): 23–25p.
Assessment of Alcohol Abuse and Associated Factors among Other Health Science Students of Jimma University, South West Ethiopia
Abstract Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are about 140 million people with alcohol abuse worldwide and almost about 50% of men and 75% women do not consume alcohol. The mechanisms that causes alcohol abuse are 50–60% genetically influence and 40–50% environmental factors. Objective: The present study aims to assess alcohol abuse and associated factors among health science student of Jimma University, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from 26 Jan to 02 Feb, 2017 G.C on 338 subjects to assess alcohol abuse and associated factors among the students of Institute of Health Science, Jimma University, Ethiopia. The necessary data were collected through self- administered questionnaires; the data were analyzed manually by using tally sheet, pen, pencil and scientific calculator. The result of the study was presented using frequency tables, graphs, pie-charts and described based on the findings. Result: Out of the total population (1559) of which 338 participants, 190 (56.2%) of male drink alcohol and 28 (8.3%) of the female students drink alcohol. From the total participants, 90 (41.2%) of them responded that factors that lead them to alcohol drinking were peer pressure. Hundred participants (4.5%) drink alcohol 2–3 times per week and 38 (17.43%) of them drink alcohol daily. Sex and monthly income had highly statistically significant association. The result was analyzed manually by using scientific calculator and computer then presented by cross-tabulation descriptive statics. Conclusion and Recommendation: Significant number of students of Institute of Health Science, Jimma University, Ethiopia had abuse alcohol. Most of them drink alcohol due to peer pressure and others were due to ignorance of the harmfulness of the alcohol, and it’s easily availability around the campus. Therefore, students of Institute of Health Science, Jimma University, Ethiopia should pay attention for recreational facilities meant for the youth to spend their time in a fruitful manner rather than drinking alcohol. Health education should be rendered to the University students and its advantages and disadvantages should be clearly explained. Keywords: World Health Organization (WHO), alcohol, Jimma University, students Cite this Article Notiro T, Bekele A. Assessment of Alcohol Abuse and Associated Factors among Other Health Science Students of Jimma University, South West Ethiopia. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2017; 4(2): 1–10p.
A Clinical Study in the Management of Dantaveshta (Pyorrhoea) with Bakul Twak Powder and Kaishore Guggul
Abstract The disease Pyorrhoea is a common disease, leading to damaged gums and loosened teeth [1]. It usually runs a chronic course, affecting the peridontium i.e. the tissues that surround and support the teeth. Ayurveda can be preventive and curative [2]. As per Ayurvedic texts, it can be correlated to Dantaveshta which is associated with secretion of pus and blood from the gums. This single blind, randomized clinical study was conducted on 30 patients from the Rajiv Gandhi Government PG Ayurveda College and Hospital, Paprola, Himachal Pradesh, for 45 days. The patients were diagnosed on the basis of both, subjective and objective criteria of Danta Veshta. The patients were divided into three groups; Group 1 was treated with Bakul Twak powder local application, Group 2 was treated with Kaishore Guggul tablets orally and the Group 3 was the combined group treated both with Bakul Twak and Kaishore Guggul. It showed statistically significant relief in almost all signs and symptoms. Keywords: Danta Veshta, pyorrhoea, periodontitis, Mukharoga
Formulation and Development of pH Sensitive Drug Delivery Systems for Antihyperglycemic Drugs
Abstract The aim of the present study was to develop a pH sensitive gastroretentive drug delivery system for an anti-diabetic drug pioglitazone HCl based on gas formation technique using 32 factorial design, in order to prolong the gastric residence time and increase the overall bioavailability of the dosage form, since the absorption is erratic in diabetic patients. The system consists of the drug loaded pellets which is coated with two different layers, inner layer of effervescent material (sodium bicarbonate) and an outermost layer of gas-entrapped sustained release polymeric membrane (Chitosan: Eudragit S100). The time to float increased as the coating level of gas-entrapped polymeric membrane increased. The optimum system could float completely within 2 min and maintained the buoyancy for a period of 12 h. Both, the rapid floating and the sustained release properties were achieved in the multiparticulate drug delivery system developed in this present study. Keywords: Pellets, pH sensitive, gastroretentive, pioglitazone HCl, factorial design Cite this Article Vasanth Samaga, Puranik SB. Formulation and Development of pH Sensitive Drug Delivery Systems for Antihyperglycemic Drugs. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2017; 4(1): 8–17p.
Efficacy of Panchakarma in Hypermelanosis from Chloroquine Side Effect: A Case Report
Abstract Long term use of chloroquine can sometimes lead to adverse drug reactions manifesting as hypermelanosis, rashes, itching, rashes, eruption etc. Skin hyperpigmentation is generally of a bluish black or grayish color and irreversible even after discontinuation of the drug. This condition can be conceived according to Ayurveda, Dushivisha (DV)—a poisonous substance which is not fully endowed with the qualities of poison by nature and because of its mild potency; it remains in the body for many years causing various symptoms, one among them being discoloration of skin. A 26-year-old female was suffering from hypermelanosis of the skin had history of taking chloroquine. Punch biopsy skin studied for histopathology showed epidermis with hyperpigmentation of the basal layer and melanophages were scattered along with infiltration by mononuclear cells. The case was treated on the line of treatment of DV. The patient started showing lightening of the pigments after six months and almost complete remission after 12 months of the treatment. This patient presented with the DV effect of chloroquine was administered two relevant procedures from Panchakarma viz., Vamana and Virechana which eliminated accumulated toxins from the body. Keywords: Hyperpigmentation, chloroquine, Dushivisha (DV), Panchakarma
Comparative Study of Natural and Synthetic Humectants Present in Calamine Lotion
Abstract Lotions are defined as monophasic liquid dosage form. Lotions are designed to be applied to the skin without friction [1]. Lotions may contain humectants, so that moisture is retained on the skin after the lotions are applied [2]. Humectants are the substance that prevents the skin from drying. In this research work, the natural and synthetic humectants are used in order to prevent the water loss and to keep the skin moistening [3]. The natural humectants used are honey and synthetic humectants used are urea. The calamine lotions are formulated with the formulation code of F1, F2 and F3. The F1 formulation contains honey as natural humectants, F2 formulation contains urea as a synthetic humectants and the F3 formulation contains both synthetic and natural humectants. The thickening agent used is methyl cellulose which produces colloidal formulation. Methyl cellulose can be used for both, topical and oral preparations. The viscosity improving agents are used in the formulation, so that the contact time with skin is increased. The prepared formulation was evaluated for stability, pH, viscosity, visual appearance etc. The F3 formulation containing both natural and synthetic humectants was found to be effective as it has good viscosity, similar pH to skin. Keywords: Humectants, calamine, antiseptic, honey, urea, methyl cellulose Cite this Article Valarmathi S, Senthil Kumar M, Shanmugam S et al. Comparative Study of Natural and Synthetic Humectants Present in Calamine Lotion. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2017; 4(1): 18–21p.
Efficacy of Virechana Procedure Against Sheeta Pitta (Urticaria)—A Case Series
Abstract Ayurveda can safely be applied to heal many difficult conditions [1]. Sheeta Pitta can be correlated to Urticaria / Hives in the Western medical parlance. This disease is of Vata Dosha origin, with a mixed picture of Vata, Pitta, and Kapha symptoms. Two cases; males 16 years and 19 years having recurrent urticaria for 7 years and 3 years, respectively were considered for the present study. Both received Shodhana treatment with Virechana procedure, followed by Shamana (palliative management) and showed significant improvements. Keywords: Sheeta, Vata Dosha, Shodhana, Virechana Cite this Article Sharma I, Sharma A, Shahi N. Efficacy of Virechana procedure against Sheeta Pitta (Urticaria)—A Case Series. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2017; 4(1): 22–24p.
Quality by Design (QbD) Approach for Optimization and Development of Nano Drug Delivery Systems
Abstract To clearly understand the formulation of high quality pharmaceutical products, FDA generalized quality by design (QbD) in the field of pharmacy, which is based on the thorough understanding of how materials and process parameters affect the quality profile of final products. Quality by design is a risk management and science-based approach promoted by the United States food and drug administration to enhance pharmaceutical development throughout a product’s life cycle. The application of QbD in formulation and process design of nano drug delivery systems is based on a good understanding of the sources of variability and the manufacture process. In this paper, the basic knowledge of QbD, objectives and elements of QbD are briefly reviewed. Tools for QbD implementation in pharmaceutics field, including risk assessment, design of experiment, and process analytical technology (PAT), are introduced briefly. Moreover, the actual applications of QbD in formulation of various nanocarriers are summarized and presented. Keywords: Quality by design, design of experiments, nanocarriers, risk management Cite this Article Daisy Arora, Bharat Khurana, Narang RK et al. Quality by Design (QbD) Approach for Optimization and Development of Nano Drug Delivery Systems. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(3): 23–32p.
Abstract Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder noted in the general population worldwide. Its chronic nature, signs and symptoms which vary periodically from mild to severe have many negative effects on the quality of life for the sufferer; therefore, the appropriate treatment of these patients is highly important. Patients should be informed by their doctors that the nature of the disease is benign, and educated on how to deal with and control symptoms of the disease. Mebeverine is used to treat a number of problems. It is a direct relaxant of gut (intestinal) muscle, and is sometimes known as an antispasmodic drug. It is used to relax the muscles of the intestine and to treat symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and related conditions. Keywords: Gastrointestinal disorder, Mebeverine, Antispasmodic drug, Bowel syndrome Cite this Article Shanmugam S, Ayyappan T, Vetrichelvan T. Drug Profile: Mebeverine Hydrochloride. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(3): 20–22p.
Curcumin: A Review on Methods for Enhancing Its Bioavailability
Abstract Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound which plays an important role in every biological need from kitchen to drugs. Besides its too many applications, curcumin limits its therapeutic value due to its less bioavailability, rapid excretion and metabolism. This review presents the work of various researchers in the field of enhancing the bioavailability of curcumin. Keywords: Curcumin, bioavailability, methods Cite this Article Ruchika Goyal, Sandeep Jain, Ashwani Kumar. Curcumin: A Review on Methods for Enhancing Its Bioavailability. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(3): 37–41p.
A Case Study: Efficacy of Panchakarma in a Case of Lipidema with Fibromyalgia
Abstract Ayurveda can safely be applied to heal many difficult conditions [1]. A German female aged 45years was treated at Babe Ke Ayurveda College & Hospital, Daudhar, Moga, for a few difficult conditions as lipidema and fibromyalgia. She received Panchakarma procedures viz., Rooksha Swedana, Virechana, Vasti and Nasya for 6 weeks and showed significant improvement upon various signs and symptoms. Keywords: Ayurveda, Virechana, Vasti, Nasya, Shaman treatment, lipidema, fibromyalgia Cite this Article Ish Sharma, Aparna Sharma, Nancy Shahi. A Case Study: Efficacy of Panchakarma in a Case of Lipidema with Fibromyalgia. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(3): 33–36p.
Sublingual Drug Delivery System: An Update
Abstract Oral transmucosal delivery, especially sublingual delivery, has progressed far beyond the use of traditional dosage forms with novel approaches emerging continuously. Drug delivery via the oral mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route, offering a vast number of advantages. Sublingual delivery tends to administer substance via mouth in such a way that the substance is rapidly absorbed via blood vessels under tongue, bypassing the hepatic first‐pass metabolism and providing acceptable bioavailability with better patient compliance. New sublingual technologies address many pharmaceutical and patient needs, ranging from enhanced life‐cycle management to convenient dosing for pediatric, geriatric, and psychiatric patients. This review discusses the physiology of the oral cavity in vivo relating to the performance of transmucosal delivery systems, the physiological challenges as well as the opportunities for sublingual drug delivery. This review also highlights the various sublingual dosage forms, factors affecting the sublingual absorption, advantages, different evaluation parameters and commercially available sublingual dosage forms. Keywords: Transmucosal delivery, sublingual, acceptable bioavailability Cite this Article Chavda Vivek P, Moinuddin Soniwala. Sublingual Drug Delivery System: An Update. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(3): 1–19p.
A Review on Novel Emulsification Technique: A Nanoemulsion
Abstract Kinetically stable and isotropic system of submicron size range is the nanoemulsion. In this system two immiscible liquids are mixed together to form a single-phase system with the identical concentration and ratio of surfactant and cosurfactant. Nanoemulsion droplet sizes fall typically in the range of 20- 200 nm. Some literature suggest this range below 100 nm with shows narrow size distribution. In this review, major focus is given on the factor affecting formation of nanoemulsion, different approaches for their preparation and aspect for characterization. There are various application of the nanoemulsions, several techniques are to be used for preparation of nanoemulsions like phase titration with ultrasonication, microfluidization, high pressure homogenization, and solvent evaporation method. and parameter that are to be used for its characterization like Thermodynamic stability, globule size, surface charge refractive index, viscosity, TEM (transmission electron microscopy), scattering technique, drug release study etc.. This system is also applicable for target delivery and approaches are from oral, transdermal, ocular and parenteral too. Nanoemulsions have the potential in pharmaceutical industries because of the transparency (approximately 100%) and used as a tool for improving bioavailability of the Biopharmaceutical class II and IV Drugs. Nanoscale architecture of this system aid some physical properties such as optical transparency and unusual elastic behaviour. Nanoemulsions have widespread applications in different fields such as pharmaceutics, food technology, and cosmetics. Keywords: Nanoemulsion, Submicron size droplet, Self-emulsifying agent, Drug delivery system Cite this Article Vivek P. Chavda, Dhaval Shah. A review on Novel Emulsification Technique: A Nanoemulsion. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(2): 25–34p.
Review of Rasayana Therapy: An Ancient Measure of Improving Immunity
Abstract Preventive care is need of the era; there are different measures to improve general wellbeing and increasing immunity against disease. In conventional medical system stress is given to developing immunity against specific antigen using vaccination. This system has proved its effectiveness in certain bacterial disease (especially with attenuated vaccines), but in other pathogens it has limitations. The other two varieties of vaccines i.e., dead pathogens or toxoids needs regular or frequent inoculations; they are effective against specific antigen and not all antigens of the same pathogens. Thus there is need to divert the preventive care from specific antigen to general host defence system. Ancient Ayurveda scholars had ideas of both phenomenon and on the basis of their observations they proposed a unique therapy that not only promises freeness form disease but also complete wellbeing, which is known as Rasayana therapy. Rasayana means proper nourishment of tissues, this is a measure to correct nutritional principle that improves host defence system and also helps in synthesising immunoglobulins (antibodies) such that it improves specific and nonspecific immunity or humaral and cellular immunity. Hypothesis for inculcating Rasayana therapy as a measure of increasing immunity has been described in the full paper. Keywords: Rasayana therapy, immunity, disease, immunoglobulins, antigen Cite this Article Nishant Shukla. Review of Rasayana therapy: An ancient measure of improving immunity. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(2): 22–24p.
An Overview on Natural Polymers in Novel Drug Delivery System
Abstract Any pharmaceutical formulation contains two ingredients, one is the active ingredient and other is an excipient. An excipients help in the manufacturing of dosage form and it also improve physicochemical parameters of the dosage form. Polymer plays an important role as excipients in any dosage form. They influence drug release and it should be compatible, nontoxic, stable, economic etc. They are broadly classified as natural polymers and synthetic polymer. They have wide range of application, so selection of polymer is the main step in designing any dosage form. Now a day, due to many problems associated with drug release and side effects manufacturers are inclined towards using natural polymers. Natural polymers are basically polysaccharides, so polymers are biocompatible and without any side effects. This review discusses various natural polymers, their advantages over synthetic polymers and role of natural polymers in designing novel drug delivery system. Keywords: Polymer, Polysaccharides, Emulsifying agent, Protein, Biocompatible Cite this Article Ayyappan T, Shanmugam S, Vetrichelvan T. An Overview on Natural Polymers in Novel Drug Delivery System. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(2): 1–14p.
Pratimarsha Nasya: A Promotive Care for Disease Related to Air Borne Infection and Air Pollution
Abstract Air borne infection and air pollution has been a major cause of ailments. It is responsible for severe disease like tuberculosis, chronic obstructive lung disease, lung fibrosis, etc. Preventing these disease is obligatory. These diseases have been identified as major threat for personal wellbeing and society; these diseases have very high mortality or morbidity. Prevention from disease and promotion of general wellbeing can be enforced with some therapeutic (medicinal herbs), and non-therapeutic measures. Pratimarsha Nasya is one such non-therapeutic modality for ensuring prevention of disease and promotion health especially of ensuring better respiratory health. Pratimarsha Nasya is a modality of administering few (two) drops of oils or unctuous materials through nasal route. This improves physiology of nose and pharynx, i.e. filtration and cleaning of breath air and arresting pathogens and pollutants within the portal of entry. The hypothesis for using Pratimarsha Nasya has been presented in this paper. Keywords: Pratimarsha Nasya, promotive care, air borne infection, air pollution Cite this Article Nishant Shukla. Pratimarsha Nasya: a promotive care for disease related to air borne infection and air pollution. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(2): 20–21p.
Abstract Although Ebola virus (EBOV) is transmitted by unprotected physical contact with infected persons, few data exist on which specific bodily fluids are infected or on the risk of transmission. Therefore, we tested various clinical specimens from 26 laboratory-confirmed cases of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, as well as environmental specimens collected from an isolation ward, for the presence of EBOV. Virus was detected by culture and/or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in 16 of 54 clinical specimens (including saliva, stool, semen, breast milk, tears, nasal blood, and a skin swab) and in two of 33 environmental specimens. We conclude that EBOV is shed in a wide variety of bodily fluids during the acute period of illness but that the risk of transmission from fomites in an isolation ward and from convalescent patients is low when currently recommended infection control guidelines for the viral hemorrhagic fevers are followed. Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is an acute viral syndrome that presents with fever and an ensuing bleeding diathesis that is marked by high mortality in human and nonhuman primates. Keywords: Ebola virus, transmission, hemorrhagic fevers Cite this Article Vidhu Shekhar Dixit, Saikat Sarkar. Extensive Review on Ebola Virus. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(2): 15–19p.
Recent Advances and Technologies in Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Abstract Transdermal drug delivery system is usually well liked by patients and second in terms of preference after oral route. The global market for transdermal system is expected to rise in near future. Skin is considered to be the major barrier in transdermal delivery. However, few technologies and advances such as radiofrequency, ultrasound, electroporation, iontophoresis, and microneedle have been identified to overcome these barriers. Systems or devices that incorporate these technologies and make self administration of drugs possible by increasing patient compliance have been identified and explained. Keywords: radiofrequency, ultrasound, electroporation, iontophoresis, microneedle Cite this Article Ghosh P, Srinivasan G. Recent Advances and Technologies in Transdermal Drug Delivery System. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(1): 38–45p.
UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Etoposide and its Application in Study of Polymeric Nanoparticles
ABSTRACT Abstract A rapid, economical, accurate and simple UV spectrophotometric method was developed for quantification of etoposide in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation and its application in the study of polymeric nanoparticles. The samples were quantified at 284 nm in both methanol and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH 7.4. The method was linear (r2 > 0.99) over the range of 20–100 μg/ml, precise (RSD < 5%), accurate (recovery values close to 100%), selective regarding excipients of the sample, and had a quantitation limit equal to 1.68 μg/ml. The validated method can be successfully employed for routine quality control analyses of polymeric nanoparticles. Keywords: etoposide, nanoparticles, drug content, drug release, UV spectrophotometry Cite this Article Ayyappan T, Shanmugam S, Vetrichelvan T. UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Etoposide and its Application in Study of Polymeric Nanoparticles. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(1): 46–51p.
Antibiotics Utilization Pattern in Pediatric Ward of Ghimbi Adventist Hospital, Ghimbi Town, Oromia Region, West Ethiopia
Abstract Drug use evaluation is ongoing systematic process designed to maintain the appropriate and effective use of drugs. It is used to ensure that drugs are used appropriately, safely and effectively to improve patients’ health status. The general objective of the study was to assess antibiotics utilization patterns in pediatric ward of Ghimbi Adventist Hospital (GAH), Ghimbi town, Oromia region, West Ethiopia. A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the antibiotics utilization patterns in pediatric ward of GAH, West Wollega, Oromia region, West Ethiopia from February 9–20, 2015. Data were collected by using checklist which contained patient demography as well as pattern of antibiotics utilization. Systematic random sampling technique was used for data collection. In this study, the major medical conditions for which antibiotics were prescribed include different types of pneumonia (18.75%) and acute gastroenteritis (AGE; 17.71%). The most commonly used antibiotics were Ceftriaxone and Augmentin which accounted for 18.22% and 16.72%, respectively; while the most commonly prescribed multiple antibiotic was Ampicillin plus Gentamicin (16.90%) followed by Ceftriaxone and Augmentin (12.68%). In general, Ceftriaxone (18.22%) and Augmentin (16.72%) were identified to be the most commonly prescribed medications in this pediatric ward. The use of parenteral antibiotics and oral antibiotics was comparable in this study area. Overall there was good generic prescription as well as antibiotics prescriptions from the essential drug list (EDL) of Ethiopia in the study area as compared to other similar studies and the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Antibiotic selection should be based on culture and sensitivity test results, if possible. Keywords: Antibiotics, antibiotic utilization, pediatrics, Ghimbi Adventist Hospital (GAH) Cite this Article Tesfaye F, Bekele A. Antibiotics Utilization Pattern in Pediatric Ward of Ghimbi Adventist Hospital, Ghimbi Town, Oromia Region, West Ethiopia. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(1): 19–30p.
Microemulsion: Novel Carrier for Drug Delivery
Abstract Since the discovery of much novel formulation belongs to the lipid based drug delivery system, the handicapped property of drug molecule reverted to the fittest, doable and easily delivered with strategies of improving bioavailability and depleting dose of the same. Microemulsion system is clear, stable, isotropic mixture of oil, water and Smix (Surfactant and co-surfactant mixture), frequently in combination with a co-solvents. To date microemulsions have been shown to be able to protect labile drug, control drug release, increase drug solubility, increase bioavailability and reduce patient variability. The term microemulsions was discovered by H. Shulman, but now a day’s microemulsion is diverted to a different class based on the composition of the involved excipients. Here, much focus is given to the basic property and pioneer of microemulsion formation. Although there has been huge progress in this delivery system, one should consequence the basic property of any system for the flourishing development of the stable formulation. Theory and thermodynamics, factor influencing the microemulsion and preparation methods are very identical topics to be understood. Microemulsion has combined advantages of surfactant, amphiphiles, co-solvents and solubilizing oil structure. This system owes low interfacial tension, large interfacial area, thermodynamic stability and the ability to solubilise otherwise immiscible liquids; uses and applications of microemulsions have been numerous. Microemulsions are readily distinguished from normal emulsions by means of transparency, low viscosity and more fundamental basics. The advanced and conventional methods for their characterization are also important for the vindication design of the microemulsion. Here, we have also discussed the patented product related to this system. Keywords: Microemulsions, Smix, theory of thermodynamic, factor affecting, characterization Cite this Article Dhaval Shah, Vivek Chavda, Kaushik Domadiya, et al. Microemulsion: Novel Carrier for Drug Delivery. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(1): 1–18p.
European Regulatory Perspective on Super-Generics: Antacid Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODT)
Abstract Super-generic is the general form of nomenclature for hybrid medicinal product in European Union (EU). The super-generic form of the medicinal product is one that considers changes in the form of active substance, therapeutic indications, strength, pharmaceutical form or route of administration. They rely partly on results of preclinical tests and clinical trials of an innovator product and also on new data with appropriate bioavailability and bioequivalence studies. Marketing authorization for super-generics in EU can be obtained by any of the four registration processes, i.e., centralized, decentralized, mutual recognition and national procedure. Additional studies such as pharmacokinetics, preclinical and clinical studies are conducted as required by the changes that are made in the super-generic product as compared to the innovator product. Antacid orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) as a part of super-generics have gained considerable attention since last decade. This mode of administration is expected to be beneficial to pediatric, geriatric patients or people with impaired swallowing especially psychiatric patients. These products have a significant impact on exhausting marketing authorization trend of conventional dosage forms. In an effort to develop drug products that are more convenient to use and address potential issues of patient compliance, super-generics have gained importance. Keywords: super-generic, orally disintegrating tablet (ODT), antacid, patient compliance Cite this Article Jain A, Dixit M, Samaga V et al. European regulatory perspective on super-generics: Antacid orally disintegrating tablets (ODT). Trends in Drug Delivery. 2016; 3(1): 31–37p.